PIPING MATERIALS

INTRODUCTION
• The choice of materials is numerous for many
applications , although as the working
environment becomes more aggressive ,ie at
extreme temperatures , the choice of suitable
materials becomes more limited.
• There are few generalization to be made
about the resistance of materials to chemicals,
such as are found in processing plants.
SELECTION OF PIPING MATERIALS
Mechanical properties – Tensile ,Yield ,Rupture
, Fatigue and Impact
Performance requirements and material
reliability
Economic factors
Environment condition
Availability
Resistance erosion and corrosion
Safety
 MECHANICAL PROPERIES REQUIRED
IN PIPING MATERIAL
Toughness: It is the ability to absorb energy
during deformation up to fracture
Hardness: Hardness is the resistance of
material to plastic deformation usually by
indication
Creep : It is the time dependent permanent
deformation that occur under stress
Good surface finish
 THERMAL PROPERTIES REQUIRED IN
PIPING MATERIAL
 Thermal expansion : When thermal energy is
added to a material a change in its dimensions
occurs
 Melting point : Melting point of the material is
related to the bonding force in solids
 Heat Resistance : It is referred to the ability of a
material and its properties to remain stable with
changes in temperature
 Heat capacity : Temperature withstanding
capacity
 Thermal conductivity
 TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
REQUIRED IN PIPING MATERIAL
• Machinability
• Castability
• Weldability
• Formability
• Easy repairable
COMMONLY USED PIPING MATERIALS
• Low carbon steel , low alloy steel and stainless
steel
• Wrought iron, cast iron, ductile
iron,copper,brass,aluminium and its alloys
• Plastic materials
 STEEL
 STEELS
Fe + Alloy Steel

CARBON STEEL
• Steel in which the main alloying constituent is carbon in
the range of 0.12–2.0%
• As the carbon percentage content rises, steel has the
ability to become harder and stronger through heat
treating; however it becomes less ductile. Regardless of
the heat treatment, a higher carbon content
reduces weldability. In carbon steels, the higher carbon
content lowers the melting point.
• TYPES OF STEEL
• Low Carbon Steel (0.12-0.15% Carbon content)
• Mild Steel (0.15-0.3% Carbon content)
• Medium Carbon Steel (0.3-0.5% Carbon content)
• High Carbon Steel (0.5-2% carbon content)
• Cast Iron (Above 2% carbon content)
 LOW TEMPERATURE CARBON STEEL
• Low-temperature carbon steels have been developed
chiefly for use in low-temperature equipment and
especially for welded pressure vessels. They are low-
to medium-carbon (0.20 to 0.30%), high-manganese
(0.70 to 1.60%), silicon (0.15 to 0.60%) steels, which
have a fine-grain structure with uniform carbide
dispersion. They feature moderate strength with
toughness down to -50°F (-46°C).
 LOW ALLOY STEEL
Fe + 1%Ni + 1%Cr + 1%Mo
Ni – Used in low temperature
services
Cr – Corrosion resistance

 HIGH ALLOY STEEL

Above 12% alloy
CLASSIFICATION OF ALLOYS
 Alloys can be broadly classified into two main category as
following:
• Ferrous
• Nonferrous
 FERROUS ALLOYS
• Ferrous metals can be defined as the metals containing
iron as major alloying element. Ferrous metals can be
further classified as Cast irons and steels.
 NON FERROUS ALLOYS
• All other alloys where iron is not present as major
alloying element has been classified as non-ferrous alloys
 STAINLESS STEEL
• Stainless steel must contain at least 10.5% chromium to
provide adequate resistance to rusting, and the more
chromium the alloy contains, the better the corrosion
resistance becomes. The corrosion resistance of SS is
due to chromium rich oxide film that forms naturally on
the surface of steel. Stainless steel will naturally self-
passivate whenever a clean surface is exposed to an
environment that can provide sufficient oxygen to form
the chromium rich oxide surface layer. This occur
automatically and instantaneously.
• Reason for using low chloride SS marker – Paint markers
are not used in SS material because the chloride ion
combines with chromium in the passive layer, forming
soluble chromium chloride. As the chromium dissolves,
free iron is exposed on the surface and reacts with the
environment forming rust.

• According to its definition, stainless steel must contain a

minimum of 50% iron. If it contains less iron, the alloy
system is named for the next major element. For
example, if the iron is replaced with nickel-so that the
iron is less than 50% then it is called a nickel alloy.
STAINLESS STEEL ALLOYING ELEMENTS AND THEIR
PURPOSE

• CHROMIUM - Corrosion resistance

• NICKEL - Increases resistance to mineral acids,
Suitable for low temperature service
• MOLYBDENUM - Increases resistance to chlorides
• COPPER - Provides resistance to sulphuric acid,
Precipitation hardener together with
titanium and aluminium
• MANGANESE - Austenite former - Combines with
sulphur, Increases the solubility of
nitrogen
• SULPHUR - Austenite former - Improves resistance to
chlorides, Improves weldability of certain
austenitic stainless steels, Improves the
machinability of certain austenitic
stainless steels
• TITANIUM - Stabilizes carbides to prevent formation of
chromium carbide Precipitation hardener
• NIOBIUM - Carbide stabilizer - Precipitation hardener
• ALUMINIUM - Deoxidizer - Precipitation hardener
• CARBON - Carbide former and strengthener
CLASSIFICATION
 Five classes of stainless steel: Austenitic SS, Ferritic SS,
Duplex SS , Martensitic SS and Precipitation hardening
SS.
 AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL
• Non-magnetic
• Non-hardenable by heat treatment
• Crystallographic form – face centered cubic
• Very easy to weld
• Susceptible to chloride stress corrosion cracking
 FERRITIC STAINLESS STEEL
• Magnetic
• Non-hardenable by heat treatment
• Crystallographic form – body centered cubic
• Low carbon grades easy to weld
• Widely used in marine applications since its corrosion
resistance in seawater is essentially the same as that of
titanium
• Resistant to chloride stress corrosion cracking, and have
high strength.
 DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL
• Magnetic
• Non-hardenable by heat treatment
• Contains both austenite and ferrite
• Easy to weld
• High strength, good corrosion resistance and good
ductility
 MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEEL
• Magnetic
• Heat treatable to high hardness levels
• Crystallographic form - distorted tetragonal
• Hard to impossible to weld
 PRECIPITATION HARDENING STAINLESS STEEL
• soft and ductile in the solution-annealed state, but when
subjected to a relatively low precipitation hardening
temperature, 1000 F (540 C), their strength more than
doubles and they become very hard.
• Magnetic
• Crystallographic form – martensitic with micro
precipitates
• Heat treatable to high strength levels
• Weldable
 PURGING
• When heated to welding temperatures, alloys such as
stainless steel is prone to the formation of oxides if not
shielded from oxygen present in the pipe. Technically
known as "sugaring" or "noogies," these oxides will result
in a poor weldment, characterized by a black, crusty
appearance of the weld metal on the inside (root) of the
pipe and an irregular root cross section. By filling the pipe
with argon gas, or back purging, the backside of the weld
is purged of oxygen preventing the oxides from forming.
METALLIC PIPING
 Carbon and low alloy steel
• Ductile
• Inexpensive and available
• Easy to machine, weld and cut

 Alloy Steels including Stainless Steels

• Passive material
• Good corrosion resistance
• More difficult to machine, weld, cut

 Nickel, Titanium, Copper, etc.

• Copper is used in residential and commercial
applications and is widely available
• Other materials are expensive and difficult to
machine, and weld
NON-METALLIC PIPING
 Thermoplastics
• Wide range of chemical compatibility
• Light weight
• Easily cut and joined
• Low temperature limits
• Need extra supports
 Fiberglass Reinforced Pipe
• Wide range of chemical compatibility
• Easily cut and joined
• Wider temperature limits than thermoplastics
• Thermal expansion similar to carbon steel
• Similar structural performance as carbon steel
NON-METALLIC PIPING

 Concrete
• Inexpensive
• Used in water services
 Lined or coated
• Glass
• Rubber
• Cement
• Teflon
• Zinc (galvanized pipe)
ASTM code
A. Pipes:-
I. Carbon Steel : - ASTM A53 Gr. A/B, ASTM A106 Gr.
A/B/C, ASTM A333 Gr.1/Gr.6
II. Alloy Steel :- ASTM A335 Gr.P1/P2/P5/P7/P9/P11/P12/P22.
III. Stainless Steel :- ASTM
A312TP304/TP304L/TP304H/TP308/TP310/TP316/TP316L/
TP316H/TP317/TP321/TP321H/TP347/TP347H/TP348/TP348H
IV. Nickel Steel :- ASTM A333Gr.3/ Gr.8.
B. Tubes:-
I. Carbon Steel :- ASTM A178/179/192, ASTM A334 Gr.1/6.
II. Alloy Steel :- ASTM A161T1, ASTM
A213T1/T2/T5/T7/T9/T11/T12/T22.
III. Stainless Steel :- ASTM A213
TP304/TP304L/TP304H/TP310/TP316/TP316L/TP316H/TP317/
TP321/TP321H/TP347/TP347H/TP348/TP348H, ASTM A608
HK40
C. Wrought Iron fittings :-
I. Carbon Steel :- ASTM A234Gr.WPA/B, ASTM A420
Gr.WPL6.
II. Alloy Steel :- ASTM A234
WP1/WP5/WP7/WP9/WP11/WP12/WP22.
III. Stainless Steel :- ASTM A403
WP304/WP304L/WP304H/WP309/WP310/WP316/
WP316L/WP316H/ WP317/WP321/WP321H/WP347/WP347H/
WP348.
IV. Nickel Steel :- ASTM A420WPL6/WPL8.
D. Forged Fittings : -
I. Carbon Steel :- ASTM A181. ASTM A105, ASTM A350
LF1/2.
II. Alloy Steel :- ASTM A182F1/F2/F5/F7/F9/F11/F12/F22.
III. Stainless Steel :- ASTM
A182F6/F304/F304L/F304H/F310/F316/F316L/F316H/F321/
F321H/F347/F347H/F348.
E. Cast Fittings: -
I. Carbon Steel :- ASTM A216, ASTM A352 LCB/C.
II. Alloy Steel :- ASTM A217 WC1/WC6/WC9/C5/C12.
III. Stainless Steel :- ASTM A217 CA15, ASTM A296
CA15, ASTM A351
CF8/CF3/CH20/
CK20/CF 8M/CF 3M/CF 8C/HK40.
IV. Nickel Steel :- ASTM A352LC3.