Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Automation Industrielle
Industrielle Automation
ropean market in 2002: 199 Mio €, 16.6 % increase (Profibus: 1/3 market share)
*source: Elektronik, Heft 7 2002
PV 6000
SP 6000
100
AUTO
1
fluid
The voltage drop along the cable and the number of readers induces
no error.
2005 April, HK
HART - Principle
time-out
se
respon
Response
Confirmation
Transducer-specific (user-defined)
calibration data,
trimming,…
2005 April, HK
ASI (1) - Sensor bus Wiring
ASI = Actor-Sensor Interface
Very simple sensor bus for building automation, combining power and
data on the same wires, transmitting mostly binary signals
• mechanically coded flat cable
- two wires for data and power
vampire-
connector
Industrial Automation Standard Field Busses 3.3 - 14
ASI (2) - Data sheet
master-slave principle
M a s te r M a s te r M a s te r M a s te r
S la v e S la v e
S la v e
S la v e S la v e S la v e S la v e
S la v e
S la v e
S la v e S la v e S la v e S la v e
S la v e
S la v e S la v e S la v e S la v e
S la v e
S la v e
2005 April, HK
Interbus-S (2) - Topology
Master
optical fibres also available
BA
bus coupler
+ -
+ standard in CENELEC – market centered on manufacturing
+ conformance test
– strong ties to Phoenix Contact
Automotive bus
2005 April, HK
CAN (1) - Data Sheet
2005 April, HK
Profibus - Family
FMS DP PA
DP basic functions
Fieldbus
Messaging
Specification
Upper layers
2005 April, HK
LON (1) - Data sheet
Topography: bus
Medium: STP 150 Ohm @ 1.25 Mbit/s 300m, transformer-coupling
UTP 100 Ohm, @ 78 kbit/s, 1300m, transformer-coupling
reduced to 100m with free topology
power line carrier @ 9.6 kbit/s, limited by -55dB
radio @ 4.9 kbit/s
Communication chip Neuron chip (Motorola, Hitachi)
Medium redundancy: none
Signalling: Differential Manchester for STP, UTP
Medium access: p-persistent CSMA/CD
Response Time 3 ms (single call/reply), 400 exchanges/s @ 1.25 Mbit/s
Address space 32385 stations
Frame size (useful data) up to 1824 bits
Integrity CRC16, HD = 2 against steps, =1 against sync slips)
Higher-level protocols full 7-layer stack
Application programmed in Neuron-C
Support LONMark group (www.echelon.com)
Application
network variable exchange,
application-specific RPC, etc..network management
Session Layer
request-response
Transport Layer
acknowledged and unacknowledged, unicast and multicast
Authentication
server
Transaction Control Sublayer
common ordering and duplicate detection
Network Layer
connectionless, domain-wide broadcast,
no segmentation, loop-free topology, learning routers
Link Layer
connectionless frame transfer,
framing, data encoding, CRC error detection
MAC sublayer
predictive p-persistent CSMA: collision avoidance;
optional priority and collision detection
Physical Layer
multiple-media, medium-specific protocols (e.g. spread-spectrum)
2005 April, HK
The Ethernet consortia
ProfiNet
Siemens (www.ad.siemens.de), PNO (www.profibus.com)
« Industrial Ethernet » new cabling: 9-pin D-shell connectors
« direct connection to Internet (!?) »
Hirschmann (www.hirschmann.de)
M12 round IP67 connector
Fieldbus
cheap field devices
decentralized I/O simple
cyclic operation device
s
Ethernet
The non-determinism of Ethernet makes it little suitable for the real-time world.
Several improvement have been made, but this is not anymore a standard solution.
Master clock
Method 3: Powerlink
B&R, Kuka, Lenze, Technikum Winterthur
www.hirschmann.de, www.br-automation.com, www.lenze.de, www.kuka.de
Ethernet is used for the communication among the PLCs and for
communication of the PLCs with the supervisory level and with the
engineering tools
local I/O
CPU
fieldbus
Ethernet
www.can.bosch.com
www.flexray-group.com
www.tttech.com
eme low cost, low data rate (100 kbit/s) for general use (power slides)
eme reliability, excellent real-time behavior for brake-by-wire or drive-by-wire
TTP
2.0 MVB
TDMA, fault-tolerant
2 x 2 wire, 2 Mbit/s
1.0 CAN-A
2-wire CAN-B
0.5 fault-tolerant
1 Mbit/s
0.2
0.1 J1850
0.05
LIN
0.02 Master-Slave
1-wire, not clocked
1 2 5 10 20 € / node
Disadvantages:
Base stations are still costly,
work in disturbed environments and metallic structures costs
mobile = batteries
distance = 30m in factories
lifetime > 5 years ?
privacy
costs
high M TS
U
GPRS
medium
WLAN
low bluetooth
• www.fieldbus.org
• www.iec.ch
• www.interbusclub.com
• www.nfpa.org
• www.odva.org
• www.phoenixcon.com
• www.pilz.com
• www.profibus.com
• www.roboticsonline.com
• www.rockwellautomation.com
• www.safetybus.com
• www.tuv.org
on- time critical busses are in danger of being displaced by LANs (Ethernet)
and cheap peripheral busses (Firewire, USB)
reality, these "cheap" solutions are being adapted to the industrial environment
nd become a proprietary solution (e.g. Siemens "Industrial Ethernet")
e cost objective of field busses (less than 50$ per connection) is out of reach fo
LANs.
e cabling objective of field busses (more than 32 devices over 400 m) is out of re
for the cheap peripheral busses such as Firewire and USB.
eldbusses tend to live very long (10-20 years), contrarily to office products.
ere is no real incentive from the control system manufacturers to reduce the
fieldbus diversity, since the fieldbus binds customers.
wer distribution and galvanic separation (power over bus, potential differences)