The Integral Forms of the

Fundamental Laws
Chapter 4
Introduction
 1. Conservation of Mass
The mass of a system remains constant.

2. First Law of Thermodynamics:

The rate of heat transfer to a system
minus the rate at which the system
does work equals the rate at which the
energy of the system is changing.

The Three 3. Newton’s Second Law

Basic Laws The resultant force acting on a system
equals the rate at which the momentum
of the system is changing.

 Moment of Momentum Equation

The resultant moment acting on a system
equals the rate of change of the angular
momentum of the system.
 1. Conservation of Mass
𝐷𝐷
න න𝜌𝑑𝑉 ==
𝜌𝑑𝑉 00
𝐷𝑡𝐷𝑡𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑠𝑦𝑠

2. First Law of Thermodynamics

𝐷𝐷
𝑄−
𝑄− 𝑊𝑊== නන 𝑒𝜌𝑑𝑉
𝑒𝜌𝑑𝑉
𝐷𝑡
𝐷𝑡 𝑠𝑦𝑠
𝑠𝑦𝑠
The Three 3. Newton’s Second Law
Basic Laws 𝐷𝐷
෍
෍𝐹𝐹 =
= න
න 𝑉𝜌𝑑𝑉
𝑉𝜌𝑑𝑉
𝐷𝑡
𝐷𝑡 𝑠𝑦𝑠
𝑠𝑦𝑠

 Moment of Momentum Equation

𝐷 𝐷
෍σ
𝑀𝑀= = න ‫𝑉𝑑𝜌𝑉𝑟× 𝑟׬‬
× 𝑉𝜌𝑑𝑉
𝐷𝑡 𝐷𝑡
𝑠𝑦𝑠
𝑠𝑦𝑠
  In each of the basic laws the integral quantity is
an extensive property of the system. The laws
may all be expressed as
𝐷𝑁𝑠𝑦𝑠
𝐷𝑡
 The relation between 𝑁𝑠𝑦𝑠 and 𝜂 is given by

Notes 𝑁𝑠𝑦𝑠 = න 𝜂𝜌𝑑𝑉

𝑠𝑦𝑠

 The extensive property of Newton’s second law is

the momentum

𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚𝑠𝑦𝑠 = න 𝑉𝜌𝑑𝑉
𝑠𝑦𝑠
Control
Volume
 System-to-
Control-Volume
Transformation
Simplification of
the Reynolds
Transport
Theorem
Conservation
of mass
 Work-Rate General Energy
Term Equation

Energy
Equation

Steady Steady Non-

Uniform Flow uniform Flow
Work-Rate
Term
General
Energy
Equation
Steady
Uniform
Flow
 Steady
Non-uniform
Flow
Momentum
Equation
Moment-of-
Momentum
Equation