Fieldbus Introduction

Electronic Instrumentation Started

with Analog Signals

 10-50 mA then 4-20 mA

 Measurement is “implied”
– 4 mA is min scale and 20 mA is max scale

 Calibration was performed by adjusting potentiometers

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Digital Communication is Added

 Proprietary communication schemes became widespread

– Stand-alone tools (non-networked)
– Proprietary networks
 Vendor device works only with vendor system

 End users disliked this situation

– Difficult or impossible to use devices from more than one vendor in a
system
– Poor network support from third parties

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Fieldbus is Born

 The vendor community

– Realized open communication standards could solve the problem.
– They banded together to start writing the standards

 They worked really hard

 They found out it is a very difficult problem
 Finally, some usable standards started to appear
– HART, FF, Profibus, DeviceNet

 Each of these standards groups decided their technology

could be all things to all people and started adding lots of
features
– They were all wrong – No one standard has emerged that can do
everything

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Fieldbus Struggles

 Fieldbus changes lots of things for device users

– Devices are no longer interchangeable
– Fieldbus wiring is different
– Supporting fieldbus requires a different skill set

 Complex specifications are subject to different

interpretation
– Early implementations from different vendors were not interoperable

 Files that represent a device type to the system are hard to

design
– Offline configuration was nearly impossible

 System and device vendors supported only their favorite

fieldbus
– No one would admit that they all had their place

 Fieldbus Developed and Matured

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Foundation Fieldbus H1
– Slow Fieldbus – 31.25 Kbaud (IEC 1158-2)
– Can be made intrinsically safe (power conditioning or field barriers)
– Digital only communication
– Always wired as a bus
– Typically 6-12 devices on the same network (check for process constraints)
– Devices implement DCS-type function blocks and communication features
that permit control loops to be configured using devices only (no DCS
required)
 Control-in-the-field
– Used only for process devices including pressure transmitters, temperature
transmitters, and valve positioners
– Supported by the Fieldbus Foundation
– Competes directly with HART and Profibus PA
– Overtaking HART for process automation

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FF Block Categories
 Function Blocks - variety of block types for process
automation control strategies
– AI, AO, DI, DO, PID etc.

 Resource Block - Name, Manufacturer, Serial number

and other characteristics of the device
 Transducer Blocks - handle the sensor
– decouple I/O function blocks from the sensor details
– information about the sensor type
– calibration information about the sensor
– diagnostic data about the sensor

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Interchangeability vs.
Interoperability

 Interchangeability
– Devices that have the same functionality (ex. pressure transmitter) from
different vendors can be exchanged at the same point in the system
without loss of functionality

 Interoperability
– Two devices (of the same or different types) can co-exist on the same
system and network. One system can handle the configuration of both
devices

 Fieldbus is Interoperable – 4-20 can be interchangeable

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Comparison to 4-20mA
 Signal is 4-20 mA with 24vdc
 Physical Interface is a pair of
wire
 Intrinsic Safety
 Maintains a dedicated pair to
device from Junction Box to IO
Card with terminals in JB
 Only one Process Variable
 Layout of devices is decided in
Late phases of Engineering
 Control is always in the control
Room
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 Digital Signal at 31.25 Kbit/s on
9-30 VDC
 A multi-drop bus architecture
using shielded twisted pair cable
 Intrinsic Safety
 Trunk cable from IO card to
junction box
 Allows to Access multiple
variables from the devices
 Layout of Devices in Early
Phase of Engineering
 Possibility of Control in the
devices
9
LAYOUT COMPARISION

I-1

4-20 mA Layout I-3

MULITI PAIR
IO CABLE
CARD(FBM) JB

V--2

JB with terminals-
One to One
I-2

FF Layout SPUR

I-4

I-6

SINGLE PAIR V--3

IO CABLE
CARD(FBM) JB

V--4

I-5
HI-Segment or Trunk JB with Surge Protector and Short Circuit
Protector- Multidrop
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How Well Does Fieldbus Address
User Needs?

 After all of this work, it ends up that fieldbus is only half of the solution
 Fieldbus devices are complex
– They have lots of parameters
– Those parameters have names that are difficult to understand
– The relationships between parameters are complex
– Diagnostics need to be visualized

 Basically, fieldbus delivers a bunch of data, but no information

 What did device vendors do to solve this?
– They created expert Windows applications that only worked on their control systems
(sound familiar?)
 Customers love the applications, but want them to work on any system along
with applications from other vendors

 Another open standard was needed – this time for applications

– FDT was created

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Profibus PA

– Same physical layer as FF

– Typically 6-12 devices on the same network
– Popular fieldbus for factory automation and some process automation
 Very popular in Germany
 Not likely to survive
– Used only for process devices including pressure transmitters, temperature
transmitters, and valve positioners
– Supported by the Profibus Users Group (PNO)
– Competes directly with HART and FF

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HART

– Only fieldbus to still support a 4-20 mA signal in addition to the digital

communication
– Can be wired as a bus (“multidrop”), but very rarely done
– Most popular fieldbus devices, though frequently digital features are not
used
– Used only for process devices including pressure transmitters, temperature
transmitters, and valve positioners
– Supported by the HART Communication Foundation
– Usage of 4-20 mA signal allows usage in loops needing fastest possible
response times
– Competes directly with FF and Profibus PA

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DeviceNet
– Fast Fieldbus
– Digital only communication
– Always wired as a bus
– Based on CAN technology
– Typically 6-12 devices on the same network
– Popular for several applications
 Factory automation
 Motor drives and MCCs
 Very popular in North America
– Created by Rockwell
– Supported by ODVA
– Competes directly with Profibus DP

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Profibus DP

– Fast Fieldbus – 500 Kbaud – 12 Mbaud

– Digital only communication
– Always wired as a bus
– RS-485
– Typically 6-12 devices on the same network
– Popular for several applications
 Factory automation
 Motor drives and MCCs
 Remote I/O including remote IS HART interfaces
 Very popular in Germany
– Supported by the Profibus Users Group (PNO)
– Competes directly with DeviceNet

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FDT

 FDT does for device-related expert applications what

fieldbus did for devices
 Interoperability
 Allows multiple applications from multiple vendors to work
in the same control system
– Plug-in applications have direct access to a device and appear as an editor
within the control system environment

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Keys to Engineering FF Projects

 Balancing speed vs. quantity of devices & function blocks

 Proper setup of transducer blocks – templates
 Proper choice of downloaded parameters
 Physical Layer Wiring - Quality of installation, documented
initial conditions
 Matching up the correct DD files
 Engineering of field devices is 1st step in engineering
process

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FOUNDATION® Fieldbus

Is a way to distribute intelligent field devices

in a powered serial network

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FOUNDATION® Fieldbus
With function blocks
for process automation
distributed among the devices

AI

AI
AO
AI
AI

AI

1-10 blocks / device

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 I/A Series I/O Subsystems

.. Integrated with other interface

modules for non FF I/O points
H1 INTERFACE
AI

AI
AO
AI
AI

AI 1-10 blocks / device

INTERFACES TO
OTHER I/O

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Tree Topology
Field Bus Module

DC Power

Termination
Assembly
(includes Spurs
Terminator)

Trunk

Terminator

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 I/A Series FF Supervisory
Control

.. Brought together for integrated

control and supervision

• Up to 4000 function blocks

FCP270 • Continuous, logic, sequential and batch control

H1 INTERFACE
AI

AI
AO
AI
AI

INTERFACES TO
OTHER I/O AI 1-10 blocks / device

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 FF - Distributing Function
Blocks

.. And easily combined into advanced,

and interconnected, control loops

RAMP AO
FCP270 SEQ

CALC PID DTIM

PUMP PID
PID
H1 INTERFACE

DI DO

AI

AI AI AO AI AO
1-10 blocks / device
INTERFACES TO
OTHER I/O

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 I/A Series Integrated FF
Solutions

Secure, High Speed, Switched Ethernet Mesh Control Network

FCP270
.. All networked to workstations for
operations, engineering, and
maintenance
H1 INTERFACE

INTERFACES TO
OTHER I/O

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 Overview of the V8 I/A SeriesOctober
Solution
2004

Fault Tolerant Diagnostics through System

Architecture Management
SMDH - Diagnostic Alerts
Fault Tolerant
Control Superior Usability
Processors
FCP270 & • IACC - Device & Control
Redundant
ZCP270 H1 Strategy Configuration
Interface • Native FF function blocks
Modules • DD Integrated Throughout

Variety of
Redundant
Power
Conditioner
Options

IACC = I/A Series Configuration Component

SMDH = System Management Display
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