Oracle - Schema Definition, Constraints, Queries, and Views

Chapters (4, 5) SQL-99 Schema Definition, Constraints,
Queries, and Views
Week #4
DAT604 Database Design & Impl

SQL Introduction
• Originally called SEQUEL for System R
• SQL-86 (SQL1), SQL-92 (SQL2), SQL-99 (SQL3)
• SQL is considered to be the language standard for DBMS
• Conversion between different systems is easy
• No need to change application program
• Provides higher language declarative interface
• DDL, DML and DCL
DAT604 Database Design and Impl 2

Structured Query Language
• SQL statements :
• Data retrieval: SELECT
• Data Manipulation Language (DML): INSERT,
UPDATE, and DELETE.
• Data Definition Language (DDL): CREATE, ALTER,
DROP, RENAME, and TRUNCATE.
• Transaction control: COMMIT, SAVEPOINT, and
ROLLBACK.
• Data Control Language (DCL): GRANT and REVOKE.

Names !!
NAMING CONVENTIONS
• Table and Attribute name, ( 1 to 30 characters long)

• Names are not case sensitive
• Special characters ( $, underscore and # ) are allowed
• Spaces and hyphens are not allowed in a relation or
attribute name
• The table or attribute name must begin with a letter

DATA TYPES
VARCHAR2( # ) NAME
• Character data type to store variable length alphanumeric
data in a column
• Store variable length character data in an attribute ( 1 to
4000 )
• If the data are smaller than the specified size, trailing spaces
are not added to the value
• If a value longer than the specified size is entered, an error
is generated
• The longer values are not truncated

DATA TYPES
CHAR (#) SSN, PHONE#
• Character data type to store fixed length alphanumeric
data in a column
• Data type to store fixed length character data in an
attribute (1 to 2000)
• Uses storage more efficiently
• Processes data faster
• If the value smaller than the specified size is entered
trailing spaces are added to make its length equal to the
specified length
• An error occurs for a longer value than the specified size
DATA TYPES
NUMBER (p, s)
• Negative, positive, integer, fixed decimal, and floating
point numbers
• Precision is the total number significant digits in the
number (Both right and left hand side of the decimal
excluding decimal)
• Scale is the total number of digits to the right of the
decimal point
• Its precision (1 to 38) and scale can be specified
DATE (DD-MON-YY)
• Storing date and time values ( Jan 1, 4712 B.C. to Dec.
31, 9999 A.D. )

CONTRAINTS
• Integrity Constraints defines
• PRIMARY KEY
• FOREIGN KEY with the table and primary key it
references
• Value (Key) Constraints defines
• NOT NULL, UNIQUE and CHECK constraints
• Oracle identifies constraints with an internal name
(SYS_Cn format)
• User created name
<table name>_<attribute name>_<constraint type>

CONTRAINTS
CONSTRAINT dept_Deptid_pk PRIMARY KEY (Deptid),
CONSTRAINT dependent_emp_dep_pk PRIMARY KEY

(EmployeeId, DependentName),
CONSTRAINT dept_Emp_fk FOREIGN KEY (Dnum)

REFERENCES department (DNumber),

CONTRAINTS
Name VARCHAR2(15) NOT NULL,
DeptName VARCHAR2(15) CONSTRAINT dept_dname_uk

UNIQUE;

ORACLE TABLES
CREATE TABLE [schema.] tablename
(attribute1 datatype [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]

constraint_type…,
(attribute2 datatype [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]

constraint_type ,
…
[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] constraint_type ( attribute,
… ), );

ORACLE TABLES
CREATE TABLE TEST

(StudentId CHAR(5) PRIMARY KEY,
Last VARCHAR2 (15) NOT NULL,
First VARCHAR2 (15) NOT NULL,
BirthDate DATE,
MajorId NUMBER (3),
Phone CHAR (10));

SQL Query
SYNTAX
SELECT List of attributes

FROM Relationname
WHERE Condition(s);
• Column names (both tables) are separated by commas

• Condition includes attributes and constants
• Conditions can be added with AND, OR, NOT operators

Retrieving Data
• Syntax:
SELECT columnlist (In any order)

FROM tablename;
SELECT *
FROM tablename;
SELECT DISTINCT columnlist

FROM tablename;

RESTRICTING DATA (Continued…)
QUERY List last name of all the male employees who draw more than 30K salary.
SELECT Lname
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE Salary > 30000 AND Sex = ‘ M’;
FNAME LNAME SSN SALARY SEX
John Smith 123456789 30000 M
Franklin Wong 333445555 40000 M
Alicia Zelaya 999887777 25000 F
Jennifer Wallace 987654321 43000 F
Ramesh Narayan 666888444 38000 M

QUERY List last name of all the employees who draw salary from 35K to 40K.
SELECT Lname
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE Salary BETWEEN 35000 AND 40000;
John Smith 123456789 30000 M

SELECT Lname
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE Salary >= 35000 AND Salary <= 40000;
John Smith 123456789 30000 M

SELECT Lname
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE Salary >= 35000 OR Salary <= 40000;
OPTION #2
John Smith 123456789 30000 M

QUERY List last name of all the employees who draw salary 35K, 25K and 40K.
SELECT Lname
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE Salary IN ( 35000, 40000, 25000 ) ;
John Smith 123456789 30000 M

EQUIJOIN
SYNTAX
SELECT List_of_Attributes
FROM Relation_names
WHERE join condition(s);
• Column names (both tables) are separated by commas

• Table names separated by commas
• Joining condition includes attributes from each table
• Conditions can be added with AND, OR, NOT operators

JOIN Operations
JOIN
• Joining condition is a must to combines tuples from two

tables
• For joining n tables we need n-1 join conditions
• Join condition on Primary key and Foreign Key

SQL JOIN Operation (Continued . . .)
Query: List last name of the employees who manage departments. Also list the name
of the corresponding department.
DNAME DNUMBER MGRSSN MGRSTARTDATE

Research 5 333445555 1988-05-22
Administration 4 987654321 1995-01-01
Headquarters 1 888665555 1981-06-19
FNAME LNAME SSN SALARY SUPERSSN SEX

John Smith 123456789 30000 333445555 M
Franklin Wong 333445555 40000 888665555 M
Alicia Zelaya 999887777 25000 987654321 F
Jennifer Wallace 987654321 43000 888665555 F
Ramesh Narayan 666888444 38000 333445555 M

Query: List last name of the employees who manage departments. Also
list the name of the corresponding department.
DEPARTMENT
DNAME DNUMBER MGRSSN MGRSTARTDATE
EMPLOYEE
FNAME LNAME SSN SALARY SUPERSSN SEX
SELECT DEPARTMENT.Dname, EMPLOYEE.Lname

FROM DEPARTMENT, EMPLOYEE
WHERE DEPARTMENT.MGRSSN = EMPLOYEE.SSN;

More on JOINS !!!
ADDITIONAL CONDITIONS
• More than one condition using logical operator (AND, OR)
NON-EQUIJOIN
• The join condition other than EQUAL

ALIASING
Column Alias: SELECT Columnname [AS] alias . . .
• Changes the attribute name to a different column
heading
• Keyword used is AS
SELECT Fname AS “Name”, Lname AS
“Family_Name”
FROM EMPLOYEE ;

ALIASING
Table Alias:
• Appear in the FROM clause of the SELECT query
• Alias names can be used in SELECT clause
• It can be 1 to 30 character
SELECT e.Lname, s.Dname
FROM EMPLOYEE e, DEPARTMENT s
WHERE e.SSN = s.MGRSSN;

TABLE INFORMATION
Oracle keeps track of all the tables created by users using its
own system database (SQL statements)
• To view users tables
SELECT table_name FROM user_tables;
or
SELECT * FROM user_tables;
• To view the table’s structure
DESCRIBE table_name;
• To view all the tuples in a relation
SELECT * FROM table_name;

TABLE INFORMATION
• To view the constraint information
SELECT constraint_name, column_name

FROM user_cons_columns where TABLE_NAME =
‘EMPLOYEE’;
SELECT constraint_name, constraint_Type

FROM user_constraints where TABLE_NAME =
‘DEPT’;

Altering an Existing Table
Modifications allowed with restrictions :

• Adding a constraint (Foreign and Primary Key)
• Decrease an attribute’s size or change its data type
Modifications not recommended :

• Changing an attribute’s name or
• Removing an attribute.

Altering Table Statements
General Syntax:
ALTER TABLE TableName
ADD/MODIFY/DROP attribute DataType;
ALTER TABLE TableName

ADD/DROP CONSTRAINT ConstraintName
ConstraintType
(column, …) [REFERENCES TableName (ColumnName)];

Altering Table Statements
For example
ALTER TABLE student ADD SocSecNum CHAR(9);
ALTER TABLE student MODIFY Zip VARCHAR2(10);
ALTER TABLE student ADD CONSTRAINT student_facultyid_fk

FOREIGN KEY (FacultyId) REFERENCES faculty (FacultyId);

Adding a New Tuple
• DML Statement:
INSERT INTO tablename [(column1, column2, column3,…)]
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,…);
• For example:
INSERT INTO dept (DeptId, Deptname, Location,
EmployeeId)
VALUES (10, ‘Finance’, ’Charlotte’,123);
OR
INSERT INTO dept
VALUES (10, ‘Finance’, ’Charlotte’,123);
Null Values
• Explicit Method:
INSERT INTO dept (DeptId, DeptName, Location,
EmployeeId)
VALUES (60, ‘Personnel’, ‘Chicago’, NULL);
• Implicit Method:
INSERT INTO dept (DeptId, DeptNAme)
VALUES (50, ‘Production’);

Updating Existing Tuples
• The DML statement UPDATE is used to modify existing
data.
• Only one table can be updated at a time
General Syntax:
UPDATE tablename
SET column1 = newvalue [, column2 = newvalue,…]
[ WHERE condition ];
UPDATE student
SET MajorId = 600
WHERE StudentId = ‘00103’;

Deleting Existing Tuples
• General Syntax:
DELETE [FROM] tablename [WHERE condition];

• Use primary key in the condition
• For example:
DELETE FROM dept WHERE DeptId = 60;

Constraints: Enable/Disable
• Syntax:
ALTER TABLE tablename
DISABLE CONSTRAINT constraintname [CASCADE];
ALTER TABLE tablename

ENABLE CONSTRAINT constraintname;
ALTER TABLE student

DISABLE CONSTRAINT student_studentid_pk CASCADE;

SQL*PLUS Environment
• SQL*Plus provides the user with the SQL> prompt to write
queries or commands.
• Features of SQL*PLUS:
• Accepts ad hoc entry of statements at the prompt
• Accepts SQL statements from files
• Provides a line editor for modifying SQL queries
• Provides environment, editor, format, execution,
interaction, and file commands
• Formats query results and displays reports on the screen
• Controls environmental settings
• Accesses local and remote databases

Logging in To SQL*PLUS
• http://address:5560/isqlplus/
• A Log On window will pop up.

• Username
• Password
• Connect Identifier: XXXX

WYNE


Logging in To iSQL*PLUS
• Enter the iSQL*Plus URL in your web browser's Location

or Address field. The iSQL*Plus URL looks like:
• http://machine_name.domain:port/isqlplus
• http://127.0.0.1:5560/isqlplus/
http://localhost:5560/isqlplus/
• iSQL*Plus uses HTTP port 5560 by default.
• If iSQL*Plus is not available on port 5560, read the
$ORACLE_HOME/install/portlist.ini file on the computer
running the iSQL*Plus Application Server to find the port
on which iSQL*Plus is running.

• This is the LOGIN screen
• The screen after you login.
• You can write your SQL queries under “enter statements” and when
you hit “execute” button, it will execute the query.
• Other buttons are self explanatory.
Group Functions
Group (Aggregate) Functions:
 Perform operation on a group of rows
 Return single result
SUM (column) and AVG(column) Ignores NULL values

MAX(column |expression) Ignores NULL values
MIN(column |expression) Ignores NULL values
COUNT(*) Includes NULL
COUNT(column |expression) Ignores NULL

GROUPING DATA
SELECT column, groupfunction(column)

FROM tablename
[WHERE condition(s)]
[GROUP BY column | expression]
[ORDER BY column | expression [ASC/DESC]]

GROUPING DATA
• HAVING Clause
• Restricts groups
• WHERE
• Restricts rows
SELECT Building, COUNT(*) ROOMS

FROM location
WHERE UPPER(Building) <> ‘KENNEDY’
GROUP BY Building
HAVING COUNT(*) >= 4;

SQL OUTER JOIN Operation
STUDENT LAST FIRST STAR FACULTYID MAJOTID
Diaz Jose WN00 123 100
Tyler Mickey SPOO 555 500
Patel Rajesh WN00 111 400
Rickles Deborah FL00 555 500
Lee Brian WN00 345 600
Khan Amir WN00 222 200
FACULTY NAME FACULTYID ROOMID PHO DEPTID
Jones 111 11 525 1
Williams 222 20 533 2
Mobley 123 11 529 1
Vajpayee 235 12 577 2
Sen 345 12 579 3
Rivera 444 21 544 4
Changs 555 17 587 5
Collins 333 17 599 3
SELECT table1.columnname, table2.columnname

FROM table1, table2
WHERE
table1.columnname (+) = table2.columnname;
OR
WHERE
table1.columnname = table2.columnname (+);

QUERY: List names of all the students and their
advisors.
STUDENT LAST FIRST STAR FACULTYID

MAJOTID
FACULTY
NAME FACULTYID ROOMID PHO
DEPTID
SELECT Student.last, student.first, faculty.name

FROM Student, Faculty
WHERE Student.FacultyId = Faculty.FacultyID (+);

Multiple Tables: Outer Joins
Jones 111 11 525 1
Williams 222 20 533 2
Mobley 123 11 529 1
Vajpayee 235 12 577 2
Sen 345 12 579 3
Rivera 444 21 544 4
Changs 555 17 587 5
Collins 333 17 599 3
SELECT Student.last, Student.first, Faculty.name
WHERE Student.FacultyId = Faculty.FacultyID (+);
LAST FIRST NAME

Diaz Jose Mobley
Tyler Mickey Changs
Patel Rajesh Jones
Rickles Deborah Changs
Lee Brian Sen
Khan Amir Williams
QUERY: List names of all the faculty members and the
students they are advising.
STUDENT
LAST FIRST STAR FACULTYID
MAJOTID
FACULTY
NAME FACULTYID ROOMID PHO
DEPTID
WHERE Student.FacultyId (+) = Faculty.FacultyID ;

LAST FIRST STAR FACULTYID MAJOTID
STUDENT Diaz Jose WN00 123 100
Jones 111 11 525 1
Williams 222 20 533 2
Mobley 123 11 529 1
Vajpayee 235 12 577 2
Sen 345 12 579 3
Rivera 444 21 544 4
Changs 555 17 587 5
Collins 333 17 599 3
WHERE Student.FacultyId (+) = Faculty.FacultyID ;
LAST FIRST NAME
Patel Rajesh Jones
Diaz Jose Mobley
Khan Amir Williams
Vajpayee
Collins
Lee Brian Sen
Rivera
Tyler Mickey Changs
Rickles Deborah Changs
SET OPERATORS
• All set operation are implemented
• Only on Union Compatible relations
• Same degree of relations
• Same domain of attributes
• Operations are performed on results from two
independent queries
• The output from both queries must return the same
number of columns
• Respective columns must have the same domain

SET OPERATORS
General syntax:
SELECT Query1
Set Operator
SELECT Query2

SET OPERATORS
INTERSECT:
• Works on output from two separate queries
• Selects common tuples in outputs from two separate
queries
MINUS:
• Tuples from the first query result not present in the
second query result
• Sequence of the two queries is important

SET OPERATORS: UNION
• Takes output from two queries and return all tuples from
both results
• No duplication of tuples in result
• If union is performed on two large tables
• Use WHERE clause to filter tuples

Jones 111 11 525 1
Williams 222 20 533 2
Mobley 123 11 529 1
Vajpayee 235 12 577 2
Sen 345 12 579 3
Rivera 444 21 544 4
Changs 555 17 587 5
Collins 333 17 599 3
SELECT Last
FROM STUDENT
[WHERE condition]
UNION
SELECT Name
FROM FACULTY
[WHERE condition]

SET OPERATORS: UNION ALL
• Similar to the UNION operation
• Displays duplicate tuples as well
• The number of rows in the resulting relation will be
• Sum of the rows in the two resulting relations

NESTED QUERIES (SUB-QUERY)
• A subquery is usually a SELECT query within one of
the clauses in another SELECT query
• Some queries require that existing values in the
database be fetched and then used in a comparison
• Sub query must be enclosed within a pair of
parenthesis
• Sub-query used on the right hand side of the
condition
• Inner most query is executed first
• Single row and Multiple Row sub-query

NESTED QUERIES (SUB-QUERY)
• General syntax:
SELECT columnlist
FROM tablename
WHERE columnname OPERATOR
( SELECT columnlist
FROM tablename
WHERE condition);

Single Row Sub-Query
• Returns only one row of data
• If no row is returned by the subquery the value is NULL
• If more than one row is returned an error occurs
• Operators used can be =, < > (or !=), >, <, =<, <=
SELECT columnlist
FROM tablename
WHERE columnname OPERATOR
( SELECT columnlist
FROM tablename
WHERE condition);

QUERY:
List first and last
names of all the
employees who
make more than
John Smith.

QUERY:
List first and last names of all the employees who make
more than John Smith.
SELECT Fname, Lname
FROM Employee
WHERE Salary >
( SELECT Salary
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE Fname = ‘John’ AND
Lname = ‘Smith’);
Multiple Row Sub-Query
• The query return more than one rows
• OPERATORs used are:
• IN (Equal to any of the values in the list)
• ALL (Compare the given value to every value
returned by sub query)
• ANY (Compare the given value to each value
returned by the sub query)
• ANY and ALL OPERATORS can be used in
combination with <, =, >

List the names of employees whose salary is greater that the
salary of all the employees in department 5
SELECT LNAME, FNAME

FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE SALARY > ALL
(SELECT SALARY
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE DNO = 5)

Retrieve the names of employees who have no dependents
SELECT FNAME, LNAME

FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE NOT EXISTS
(SELECT *
FROM DEPENDENT
WHERE SSN = ESSN)

Retrieve the names of managers who have at least one
dependent
SELECT FNAME, LNAME

FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT *
FROM DEPENDENT
WHERE SSN = ESSN)

VIEWS
• A view is an Oracle object
• A logical view of data from a relation or relations
• In case of multiple relations user is free from
• Using join operation and join condition
• Restrict users to view a few attributes from the relation
• User of a view has no information about the actual relations
• Same data can be viewed differently with different views
71
DAT604 Database Design and Impl
VIEWS
• Simple View
• Based on one relation
• Does not contain group function or group data
• Data manipulation is always possible through it
• Complex View
• Based on one or more relations
• May contain group function and/or group data
• Data manipulation is not always possible through it
72
DAT604 Database Design and Impl
Creating a View
• Primary key constraint is not transferred
• NOT NULL the only constraint that gets transferred
• Populate new table with selected rows
• Sub query cannot use ORDER BY clause
General Syntax:
CREATE TABLE/VIEW tablename
AS
SELECT-FROM-WHERE;

Creating a View
CREATE TABLE DEPT4
AS
SELECT EMPLOYEEID, LNAME, FNAME
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE DNO = 4;
CRAETE VIEW TEST (First, Last, Department)
AS
SELECT Fname, Lname, DNO
FROM Employee
WHERE Dno= 4;

Creating a View
CREATE or REPLACE TABLE DEPT4
AS
SELECT EMPLOYEEID, LNAME, FNAME
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE DNO = 5
WITH CHECK OPTION;

Rules for Views
Rules for data manipulation on a view;
• No data manipulation on derived attributes

• No insertion of new tuples in view
• If base table contains attribute with NOT NULL
constraint
• Even if the attribute is not selected by the view
• If derived attributes exist in the view

Manipulating Views
• A user can list names of views
SELECT view_name from user_views
• A view can be removed without affecting the data in the

base relation or relations
DROP VIEW/TABLE view_name;
• When the base relations are altered the view needs to be

updates
ALTER VIEW view_name COMPILE;
• It can also be used to add constraints by using
MODIFY/DROP CONSTRAINT clause

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Chapters (4, 5) SQL-99 Schema Definition, Constraints,

Queries, and Views

DAT604 Database Design & Impl

DAT604 Database Design and Impl 2

DAT604 Database Design and Impl 3

• Table and Attribute name, ( 1 to 30 characters long)

DAT604 Database Design and Impl 4

DAT604 Database Design and Impl 5

DAT604 Database Design and Impl 7

DAT604 Database Design and Impl 8

CONSTRAINT dept_Deptid_pk PRIMARY KEY (Deptid),

CONSTRAINT dependent_emp_dep_pk PRIMARY KEY

CONSTRAINT dept_Emp_fk FOREIGN KEY (Dnum)

DAT604 Database Design and Impl 9

Name VARCHAR2(15) NOT NULL,

DeptName VARCHAR2(15) CONSTRAINT dept_dname_uk

DAT604 Database Design and Impl 10

(attribute1 datatype [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]

(attribute2 datatype [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]

DAT604 Database Design and Impl 11

CREATE TABLE TEST

DAT604 Database Design and Impl 12

SELECT List of attributes

• Column names (both tables) are separated by commas

DAT604 Database Design and Impl 13

SELECT columnlist (In any order)

SELECT DISTINCT columnlist

DAT604 Database Design and Impl 14

FNAME LNAME SSN SALARY SEX

John Smith 123456789 30000 M

Franklin Wong 333445555 40000 M

Alicia Zelaya 999887777 25000 F

Jennifer Wallace 987654321 43000 F

Ramesh Narayan 666888444 38000 M

DAT604 Database Design and Impl 15

FNAME LNAME SSN SALARY SEX

John Smith 123456789 30000 M

Franklin Wong 333445555 40000 M

Alicia Zelaya 999887777 25000 F

Jennifer Wallace 987654321 43000 F

Ramesh Narayan 666888444 38000 M

DAT604 Database Design and Impl 16

FNAME LNAME SSN SALARY SEX

John Smith 123456789 30000 M

Franklin Wong 333445555 40000 M

Alicia Zelaya 999887777 25000 F

Jennifer Wallace 987654321 43000 F

Ramesh Narayan 666888444 38000 M

DAT604 Database Design and Impl 17

John Smith 123456789 30000 M

Franklin Wong 333445555 40000 M

Alicia Zelaya 999887777 25000 F

Jennifer Wallace 987654321 43000 F

Ramesh Narayan 666888444 38000 M

DAT604 Database Design and Impl 18

FNAME LNAME SSN SALARY SEX

John Smith 123456789 30000 M

Franklin Wong 333445555 40000 M

Alicia Zelaya 999887777 25000 F

Jennifer Wallace 987654321 43000 F

Ramesh Narayan 666888444 38000 M

DAT604 Database Design and Impl 19

• Column names (both tables) are separated by commas

DAT604 Database Design and Impl 20