Second Year Science

The Atom
 In this topic:
•
Recap of elements and compounds
•
Atomic particles
•
Atomic and mass numbers
•
Electron arrangement (Bohr Model)
•
Atomic structure
•
Isotopes
 Elements

E
one type of atom

• Simplest substances in the universe

• Elements song
 Atoms and Molecules
Atom: the smallest part
E of an element which
still has the properties of that element
 Molecule: particle Emade of 2 or more
atoms, chemically combined
H 2O

Methane

NH4

caffeine

C8H10N4O2
 Compound

E
chemically combined

• Compounds are made up of molecules of

different elements

Vinegar
Salt (NaCl) Water (H2O) (CH3COOH) Pyrite (FeS2)
Atomic particles
Proton
• Positive charge
• In the nucleus

Neutron
• No charge
• In the nucleus

Electron
• Negative charge
• Orbiting the
nucleus
 Atomic particles
• Electrons have the smallest mass
• Protons are the same size as Neutrons
 Atomic Number

E
an atom of an element
No. of protons No. of electrons
in an
• Atoms areatom
neutrally charged so:in an atom
• The atomic number is shown for each element
in the periodic table of elements
 Mass number
Mass number: theEtotal no. of protons
and neutrons in an atom of an element

• Electrons are not included in the mass number

because their mass is so tiny
• Mass number is
also shown in the
periodic table
 Atomic and Mass Numbers
• To calculate how many neutrons are in an atom:
 Electron Arrangement
• Electrons are in ‘shells’ or ‘orbits’ around the
nucleus
• The are arranged in a particular way:

1st Shell 2 electrons

2nd Shell 8 electrons

3rd Shell 8 electrons

 Atomic Structure: Bohr Model
• Niels Bohr (from Denmark) designed the
electron shell theory
Atomic Structure: Bohr Model
 Isotopes
Isotope: atoms of the
E same element that
have different numbers of neutrons
• All atoms of the same element have the same
number of protons
• This is not the case with neutrons
• This means their mass numbers will differ
(because it is the sum of the neutrons and
protons)
 Isotopes
• They can be used in scientific analyses (e.g.
carbon dating)
• Carbon dating uses different isotopes of
carbon (carbon-12 and carbon-13)
Chapter 21: The Atom

DONE!!