DEEP EXCAVATION TECHNIQUES

PRESENTED BY:

FAHAD MUSHTAQ (2007-MS-GEO-12)

 CONTENTS

• Introduction
• Deep Excavation Techniques
• Case Histories
 INTRODUCTION
Excavation
An excavation means a man made cavity or
depression in the earth’s surface formed by
earth removal.
 INTRODUCTION
Deep excavation.
An excavation in soil or rock more than
15ft or 4.5m is called deep excavation.
(www.deepexacation.com)
 INTRODUCTION
Open excavation.
It means an excavation without any
retaining system by providing suitable slope of
excavation such as 1:2, when surrounding
allows.
 INTRODUCTION
Retained deep excavation.
A deep excavation in soil or rock with some
retaining system, usually in populated areas.
 INTRODUCTION
Necessity of deep excavation.
Deep excavation has become more a
necessity of better utilization of space as the
population of the world increased. As far as the
mega structures like dams are concerned, deep
excavation may be employed for the construction
of different components like power stations. But
the contribution of basements in the stability
against overturning of high rise buildings cannot
be neglected which obviously require deep
excavation.
 RETAINING SYSTEMS FOR
DEEP EXCAVATION
• Followings are the common systems for
supporting deep excavation
 CONTIGUOUS PILES
• In this technique the reinforced concrete
unconnected piles are installed in the periphery of
the proposed site.
• The contiguous piles wall is designed in such a
way that it resists the lateral earth pressure of
retained soil.
• The width of gap between piles varies between 50
and 500mm according to ground conditions.
• The dia. of these piles varies from 300 to 1200mm
normally.
• The soil between two piles is stabilized by
shotcreting.
 Contiguous bored piles supported
excavation

•Typical depth of excavation supported by this

system is 5 to 10m without tie back anchors
 SECANT PILES

• In this technique primary piles (PCC) are

installed first with secondary piles (RCC)
constructed in b/w primary piles when it
gained some strength as shown.
 SECANT PILES

• Pile overlap is typically in order of 3in.

• The principal disadvantages of contiguous pile
walls, the gaps between piles and the resulting
problems of lack of waterproofness are effectively
over­come by interlocking or secant piles.
 SHEET PILING

• Sheet pile walls are constructed by driving

prefabricated sections into the ground by
vibration in Sandy strata and by pressure in
cohesive strata.
• Following are the typical steps involved,
SHEET PILING
SHEET PILING
 DIAPHRAM WALL

• The continuous diaphragm wall (also referred

to as slurry wall) is a structure cast in a slurry
trench by tremied concrete. The trench is
initially supported by bentonite polymer
based slurries. The construction sequence is
illustrated in Fig.
 DIAPHRAM WALL

(A) Trenching under slurry, (B) End stop inserted (steel tube or
other), (C) Reinforcement cage lowered into the slurry-filled trench,
(D) Concreting by tremie pipes.
VERTICAL SOLDIERS AND HORIZONTAL
LAGGING KING POST METHOD
• The method consists of boring holes on the wall
line, typically at 2 to 3m centers, placing vertical
steel universal beam or column soldier piles within
the holes and concreting the base of each joist
below final formation level.
• Lean mix concrete is often used for this purpose.
• In suitable soils the steel soldier pile may be
driven. When the soldier pile is to be extracted the
base of each joist is supported by gravel backfilled
to formation level.
VERTICAL SOLDIERS AND HORIZONTAL LAGGING
KING POST METHOD
• As Bulk excavation proceeds, horizontal
lagging timbers or precast concrete units
are wedged between the soldier piles.
• Steel section walings are placed to take
the thrust from the soldier piles to ground
anchors drilled at intervals along the
length of the waling beam. Alternatively,
each soldier pile is anchored and a waling
is not needed
VERTICAL SOLDIERS AND HORIZONTAL LAGGING
KING POST METHOD
 CASE HISTORIES (LOCAL)
IT TOWER LAHORE:
• IT Tower is a 24 storey high rise building; 18
super-storeys and 6 basements. It is located in
Gulberg-III Lahore surrounded by roads on two
adjacent sides and residential buildings on other
two sides.
• A stratum consisting of clay and silty-clay is
present from 0 to 8 m depth then Silty Sand/Poorly
graded Sand with Silt subsequently. As the ground
water table in the city is at a depth more than 100
ft, therefore, water was apparently not a problem.
 IT TOWER LAHORE

• Shoring piles of 2 ft diameter and 3.5 ft c/c

spacing was designed. Five layers of
anchors as per design were to be
constructed; anchoring angle was 15o and
length of the anchors varied from 25-57 ft.
Depth of the piles was -97 ft and proposed
depth of excavation was -65 ft. A tie-beam
of depth 1.5 ft and width 2 ft was provided
as shown in figure.
IT TOWER LAHORE
 ALAMGIR TOWER LAHORE

• Alamgir Tower is a high rise building of 42

storeys. The site is surrounded by a 10 storey
building on one side, three storeys building on
the other side, a road in front and a residential
building in the rear.
• Proposed excavation depth is 85 ft. A stratum
consisting of clay and silty-clay is present from 0
to 8 m depth then Silty Sand/Poorly graded Sand
with Silt subsequently. The groundwater table
was below -100 ft.
 ALAMGIR TOWER LAHORE

• Contiguous piling with anchors and tie beam

was adopted as the soil retaining system. The
depth of the piles constructed was more than
-96 ft. Anchoring at an angle of 15o was to be
done in 9 layers as shown in Fig
ALAMGIR TOWER LAHORE
 CASE HISTORIES (INTERNATIONAL)

Washington Convention Center,

Washington,DC

• The project is at the present time the largest

single basement slurry wall excavation in
the United States. The excavation site is
approximately 1480' long by 500' wide. At
the north the excavation is 55' deep along N
Street, but only 30' deep along the southern
side.
Washington Convention Center, Washington, DC

• Slurry wall panels adjacent to the subway at 7th

Street are 3.5'-thick, while at all other location the
wall thickness is 3.0'. The slurry walls also provide
water cut-off and thus minimize the dewatering
efforts that are required. Temporary bracing for
this excavation consists of a mix of tiebacks and
prestressed rakers, depending on location.
Washington Convention Center, Washington, DC

• The largest slurry wall deflection, 0.7", occurred at the

deepest section of the excavation along N Street, where
the wall was braced by three levels of tiebacks. This
deflection was not measured directly but it was
reconstructed from data before and after re-initialization of
inclinometers took place. The wall slightly bent only below
the lowest tieback level, and above that showed very little
to no bending. Cantilever movements dominated until the
second tieback level was installed. The largest horizontal
soil movement, 0.75", occurred at the southern side where
the excavation was only 30' deep, braced by an upper
level of tiebacks and a lower level of rakers.
 REFRENCES

• Puller. M. (2003), Deep Excavation: a practical

manual, 2nd edition.
• http://www.deepexcavation.com
THANKS