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CHAPTER3

INTRODUCTION
TO
OLAP AND OLTP
3.1 What is Online Transaction Processing
(OLTP)
• Online transaction processing (OLTP) is a class of information systems that
facilitate and manage transaction-oriented applications, typically for data entry and
retrieval transaction processing on a database management system.
3.1.1 Identify the queries that an OLTP System can
process
• OLTP is characteristic by large number of short on-line transaction (INSERT, UPDATE,
DELETE).
• The main emphasis for OLTP systems is put on very fast query processing, maintaining
data integrity in multi-access environment data and effectiveness measured by number of
transactions per second.
• In OLTP database there is detailed and current data, and schema used to store
transactional databases is the entity model (usually 3NF).
• It involves Queries accessing individual record like Update your Email in Company
database.
3.1.2 Discuss the advantage of an OLTP
System
• Easy and best solution for online shoppers.
• These systems are most efficient and have excellent response times.
• Online banking is completely based on online transaction processing systems.
• Credit cards are also well-handled by these systems.
• You can access anything on the web and choose to buy it because all financial
transactions methods are supported by these systems.
3.1.3 Discuss the challenges of an OLTP
System
• Although your SQL code is written correctly, the database may still be
inconsistent state after processing transactions due to system failure and
concurrent processing of database operations.
• Important for back-end Database Management System(DBMS) be resilient
to load spikes.
• Lightweight Elasticity – scale on demand.
• Scalability – while ensuring efficient transaction execution.
3.1.4 Identify the queries that OLTP System
cannot answer
• These online transaction systems impose processing costs on the buyers and sellers as well.
• During purchases even if the servers hang for few seconds a large number of transactions
get affected, in turn affecting the organizations’ reputation.
• Databases store all user data and account information, if these servers are hacked, it could
lead to financial and personal problems (thefts).
• In the case of hardware failures of the online transaction processing systems, visitors of the
website get in trouble and their online transactions get affected.
3.2 Fundamentals of Online Analytical
Processing (OLAP)
• OLAP is an acronym for Online Analytical Processing.
• OLAP performs multidimensional analysis of business data and provides the
capability for complex calculations, trend analysis, and sophisticated data modelling.
3.2.1 Describe One-Dimensional,
Two-Dimensional, and Three-Dimensional
Data in OLAP
• Multidimensional Online Analytical Processing (MOLAP) is the most standard
approach to OLAP solutions. It uses a multidimensional database which directly
stores the information contained in the various cubes. This is the best performing
solution when using SQL Server Analysis services.
• Relational Online Analytical Processing (ROLAP) provides the same solution but uses
a relational database for storage of the data. This approach translates native OLAP
queries, written in a language called multidimensional expressions (MDX) into the
appropriate SQL statements. This is primarily done to prevent the need for another
copy of the data. The data created directly by the online transaction processing
(OLTP) applications are used. The primary disadvantage to this solution is that it does
not, generally speaking, perform as well as a MOLAP database.

• Hybrid Online Analytical Processing (HOLAP) is a hybrid approach to the solution


where the aggregated totals are stored in a multidimensional database while the detail
data is stored in the relational database. This is the balance between the data efficiency
of the ROLAP model and the performance of the MOLAP model.
3.2.2 Discuss the possibilities of more than
Three -Dimensional Data.
There are also less popular types of OLAP styles upon which one could stumble upon every so often.
• Desktop OLAP (DOLAP)
 Desktop OLAP, or “DOLAP” is based on the idea that a user can download a section of the data from the
database or source, and work with that dataset locally, or on their desktop. DOLAP is easier to deploy and has a
cheaper cost but comes with a very limited functionality in comparison with other OLAP applications.

• Spatial OLAP (SOLAP)


 With the aim of integrating the capabilities of both Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and OLAP into a single
user interface, “SOLAP” or Spatial OLAP emerged. SOLAP is created to facilitate management of both spatial and
non-spatial data, as data could come not only in an alphanumeric form, but also in images and vectors. This
technology provides easy and quick exploration of data that resides on a spatial database.
3.2.3 Define the queries that an OLAP
System can process

• Is characterized by relatively low volume of transactions


• Queries are often very complex and involve aggregations
• For OLAP systems a response time is an OLAP measure
• OLAP applications are widely used by data mining techniques
• In OLAP database there is aggregated, historical data, stored in multi-dimensional
schemas(usually star schema)
3.2.4 Discuss the advantage of an OLAP
System
• One main benefit of OLAP is consistency of information and calculations. No matter how much
or how fast data is processed through OLAP software or servers, the reporting that results is
presented in a consistent presentation, so analysts and executives always know what to look for
where.
• Multidimensional conceptual view for formulating queries
• Transparency to the user
• Easy accessibility : Batch and online access
• Consistent reporting performance
• Client/Server architecture : the us e of distribution resources
• Generic dimensionality
3.2.5 Describe the OLAP Tools
• Provide and intuitive way to view corporate data
• Aggregate data along common business objects
• Users can drill down, across or up levels in each dimension
3.2.6 Define the Role of OLAP Tools in the
Business Intelligence

• OLAP tools structure data hierarchically – the way managers think of their
enterprises. But the best OLAP tools also allow business analysts to rotate their
views on the information, changing the relationships in order to get more detailed
insight into corporate trends and identify potential issues and opportunities.
3.3 Differentiate the OLAP Architectures.

• MOLAP.
• ROLAP.
• HOLAP.
3.3.1 Describe the Multidimensional Online Analytical
Processing (MOLAP).

• Multidimensional online analytical processing (MOLAP) is a kind of online analytical processing


(OLAP) that, like relational online analytical processing (ROLAP), uses a multidimensional data
model to analyze data. The difference between MOLAP and ROLAP is that MOLAP requires that
information first be processed before it is indexed directly into a multidimensional database,
whereas ROLAP is entered directly into a relational database.
3.3.2 Describe the Relational Online Analytical Processing
(ROLAP).

• Relational online analytical processing (ROLAP) is a kind of online analytical processing (OLAP)
that analyzes data using multidimensional data models. The difference between ROLAP and other
OLAPs is that it accesses data that is stored in a relational database rather than from a
multidimensional database, which is the one most commonly used in other OLAPs. It can also
generate SQL queries to perform calculations when an end-user wishes to do so.
3.3.3 Describe the Hybrid Online Analytical Processing
(HOLAP).

• Hybrid online analytical (HOLAP) is the combination of relational online analytical processing
(ROLAP) and multidimensional online analytical processing (MOLAP). It supports both storage
formats and therefore provides advantages from both processes. HOLAP was developed to put an
end to the "which is better?" debate by combining the data capacity of a ROLAP and the processing
capability of a MOLAP.
3.4 Differentiate OLTP and OLAP.
3.5 Describe Data Models for OLTP and OLAP.

• 3.5.1 Apply OLTP and OLAP in Database Design.


Identify the OLAP Operations.

• Slice.
• Dice.
• Roll-up.
• Drill-Down.
• Pivot.
• Drill-Acros.
• Drill-Through.
3.6.1 Slice.

• The slice operation selects one particular dimension from a given cube and provides a new sub-
cube. Consider the following diagram that shows how slice works.
3.6.2 Dice.

• Dice selects two or more dimensions from a given cube and provides a new sub-cube. Consider the
following diagram that shows the dice operation.
3.6.3 Roll-Up.

Roll-up performs aggregation on a data cube in any of the following ways:


• By climbing up a concept hierarchy for a dimension.
• By dimension reduction.
3.6.4 Drill-Down.

Drill-down is the reverse operation of roll-up. It is performed by either of the following ways:
• By stepping down a concept hierarchy for a dimension.
• By introducing a new dimension.
3.6.5 Pivot.

• The pivot operation is also known as rotation. It rotates the data axes in view in order to provide an
alternative presentation of data. Consider the following diagram that shows the pivot operation.
3.6.6 Drill-Acros.

• Accesses more than one fact table that is linked by common dimensions. COmbiens cubes that
share one or more dimensions.
3.6.7 Drill-Through.

• Drill down to the bottom level of a data cube down to its back end relational tables.
THANK YOU

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