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INTRODUCTION
TO
OLAP AND OLTP
3.1 What is Online Transaction Processing
(OLTP)
• Online transaction processing (OLTP) is a class of information systems that
facilitate and manage transaction-oriented applications, typically for data entry and
retrieval transaction processing on a database management system.
3.1.1 Identify the queries that an OLTP System can
process
• OLTP is characteristic by large number of short on-line transaction (INSERT, UPDATE,
DELETE).
• The main emphasis for OLTP systems is put on very fast query processing, maintaining
data integrity in multi-access environment data and effectiveness measured by number of
transactions per second.
• In OLTP database there is detailed and current data, and schema used to store
transactional databases is the entity model (usually 3NF).
• It involves Queries accessing individual record like Update your Email in Company
database.
3.1.2 Discuss the advantage of an OLTP
System
• Easy and best solution for online shoppers.
• These systems are most efficient and have excellent response times.
• Online banking is completely based on online transaction processing systems.
• Credit cards are also well-handled by these systems.
• You can access anything on the web and choose to buy it because all financial
transactions methods are supported by these systems.
3.1.3 Discuss the challenges of an OLTP
System
• Although your SQL code is written correctly, the database may still be
inconsistent state after processing transactions due to system failure and
concurrent processing of database operations.
• Important for back-end Database Management System(DBMS) be resilient
to load spikes.
• Lightweight Elasticity – scale on demand.
• Scalability – while ensuring efficient transaction execution.
3.1.4 Identify the queries that OLTP System
cannot answer
• These online transaction systems impose processing costs on the buyers and sellers as well.
• During purchases even if the servers hang for few seconds a large number of transactions
get affected, in turn affecting the organizations’ reputation.
• Databases store all user data and account information, if these servers are hacked, it could
lead to financial and personal problems (thefts).
• In the case of hardware failures of the online transaction processing systems, visitors of the
website get in trouble and their online transactions get affected.
3.2 Fundamentals of Online Analytical
Processing (OLAP)
• OLAP is an acronym for Online Analytical Processing.
• OLAP performs multidimensional analysis of business data and provides the
capability for complex calculations, trend analysis, and sophisticated data modelling.
3.2.1 Describe One-Dimensional,
Two-Dimensional, and Three-Dimensional
Data in OLAP
• Multidimensional Online Analytical Processing (MOLAP) is the most standard
approach to OLAP solutions. It uses a multidimensional database which directly
stores the information contained in the various cubes. This is the best performing
solution when using SQL Server Analysis services.
• Relational Online Analytical Processing (ROLAP) provides the same solution but uses
a relational database for storage of the data. This approach translates native OLAP
queries, written in a language called multidimensional expressions (MDX) into the
appropriate SQL statements. This is primarily done to prevent the need for another
copy of the data. The data created directly by the online transaction processing
(OLTP) applications are used. The primary disadvantage to this solution is that it does
not, generally speaking, perform as well as a MOLAP database.
• OLAP tools structure data hierarchically – the way managers think of their
enterprises. But the best OLAP tools also allow business analysts to rotate their
views on the information, changing the relationships in order to get more detailed
insight into corporate trends and identify potential issues and opportunities.
3.3 Differentiate the OLAP Architectures.
• MOLAP.
• ROLAP.
• HOLAP.
3.3.1 Describe the Multidimensional Online Analytical
Processing (MOLAP).
• Relational online analytical processing (ROLAP) is a kind of online analytical processing (OLAP)
that analyzes data using multidimensional data models. The difference between ROLAP and other
OLAPs is that it accesses data that is stored in a relational database rather than from a
multidimensional database, which is the one most commonly used in other OLAPs. It can also
generate SQL queries to perform calculations when an end-user wishes to do so.
3.3.3 Describe the Hybrid Online Analytical Processing
(HOLAP).
• Hybrid online analytical (HOLAP) is the combination of relational online analytical processing
(ROLAP) and multidimensional online analytical processing (MOLAP). It supports both storage
formats and therefore provides advantages from both processes. HOLAP was developed to put an
end to the "which is better?" debate by combining the data capacity of a ROLAP and the processing
capability of a MOLAP.
3.4 Differentiate OLTP and OLAP.
3.5 Describe Data Models for OLTP and OLAP.
• Slice.
• Dice.
• Roll-up.
• Drill-Down.
• Pivot.
• Drill-Acros.
• Drill-Through.
3.6.1 Slice.
• The slice operation selects one particular dimension from a given cube and provides a new sub-
cube. Consider the following diagram that shows how slice works.
3.6.2 Dice.
• Dice selects two or more dimensions from a given cube and provides a new sub-cube. Consider the
following diagram that shows the dice operation.
3.6.3 Roll-Up.
Drill-down is the reverse operation of roll-up. It is performed by either of the following ways:
• By stepping down a concept hierarchy for a dimension.
• By introducing a new dimension.
3.6.5 Pivot.
• The pivot operation is also known as rotation. It rotates the data axes in view in order to provide an
alternative presentation of data. Consider the following diagram that shows the pivot operation.
3.6.6 Drill-Acros.
• Accesses more than one fact table that is linked by common dimensions. COmbiens cubes that
share one or more dimensions.
3.6.7 Drill-Through.
• Drill down to the bottom level of a data cube down to its back end relational tables.
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