Revised FEA

ME6303 - FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
• UNIT I – INTRODUCTION
• UNIT II – ONE - DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS
• UNIT III – TWO DIMENSIONAL SCALAR
VARIABLE PROBLEMS
• UNIT IV – TWO DIMENSIONAL VECTOR
VARIABLE PROBLEMS
• UNIT V – ISOPARAMETRIC FORMULATION
MZCET/6 A&B/ME6303/FEA/1 1
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
Solid Structure Finite Element

Structure
Unmeshed View of Car
Meshed View of Car

UNIT I – INTRODUCTION
• During analysis we need certain requirements
while designing & assembling the parts.
• Those requirements are: to calculate,
i) Displacement at certain points,
ii) Stress distribution,
iii) Natural frequencies,
iv) Pressure, velocity & temperature
distribution, etc.,
Methods of Engineering Analysis
• Experimental Methods – Prototypes,
Manpower, Materials, time consuming.
• Analytical Methods – Mathematical
differential equations, simple geometries,
idealized support & loading conditions.
• Numerical Methods – Complex material
properties, approximate solutions.
Numerical Methods
• Functional Approximation.
• Finite Difference Method (FDM).
• Finite Element Method (FEM).
1. Functional Approximation:
– Solutions for complex problems.
– By using differential equations or any possible
mathematical expressions problems are first written.
– By integrating & applying boundary conditions, an
approximate solution can be obtained.
– Ex: Rayleigh – Ritz method & Weighted Residual methods
2. Finite Difference Method:
 FDM replaces the derivative terms in the
differential equation by the “difference
equivalents”
 Applications of this method is solving heat
transfer, fluid mechanics problems.
 It can’t be effectively used for regions having
curved & irregular boundaries.
3. Finite Element Method:
 It is a numerical method in which the
unknown complex region is divided in to
smaller elements.
 The properties of each type of element is
obtained & assembled together & solved as
whole to get solution.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
 Basic ideas of FEA were developed by aircraft engineers in
early 1940s.
 Hrennikoff began the modern development of the finite
element method in the year 1945
 In 1961, Turner considered large deflection & thermal
analysis problem.
 Weighted residual methods was first introduced by Szabo &
Lee in 1969for structural analysis.
 In 1960s & 1970s, the FEA was extended to applications in
shell bending, heat transfer analysis, fluid flow analysis &
general 3D problems in structural analysis.
General Steps of Finite Element Analysis
General Steps of Finite Element Analysis in
Detail
• Step I – Discretization of Structure
– Art of Subdividing a structure in to a convenient number of element.
– Ex: 1D, 2D, 3D, Axisymmetric elements
i) One dimensional elements:

Bar & Beam elements are considered as one dimensional elements.
ii) Two dimensional elements:
Triangular & rectangular elements are
considered as two dimensional elements.
iii) Three dimensional elements:

Tetrahedral & Hexahedral elements are
considered as three dimensional elements.
iv) Axisymmetric elements:
Symmetry about an axis of rotation is called
as Axisymmetric elements.
• STEP II – Numbering of Nodes:
– Nodes & Elements should be numbered after
Discretization process.
– It decides the size of the stiffness matrix.
• STEP III – Selection of a Displacement Function:
 Polynomial of linear, quadratic & cubic form are frequently
used.
 It is easy to perform differentiation or integration
Case (i): Linear polynomial:
One dimensional problem Ф(x) = a0+a1x
Two dimensional problem Ф (x,y) = a0+a1x+a2y
Three dimensional problem Ф (x,y,z) = a0+a1x+a2y+a3z
Case (ii): Quadratic polynomial
One dimensional problem Ф (x)=a0+a1x+a2x2
Two Dimensional Problem Ф (x,y)=a0+a1x+a2y+a3x2+a4y2+a5xy
Three dimensional problem Ф (x,y)
=a0+a1x+a2y+a3z+a4x2+a5y2 +a6z2+a7xy+a8yz+a9xz
• STEP IV – Define the material behavior by
using strain – displacement & stress – strain
relationship
– 1D deformation, stain – displacement relationship
is given by,
e = du/dy
– Stress – strain relationship is given by,
σ = Ee
• STEP V – Derivation of element stiffness
matrix & equations:
– General Finite element equation is given by,
 F    k   u
Where,
 F is the vector of element nodal forces
 k is the element stiffness matrix

 u  is the element displacement vector
• STEP VI – Assemble the element equations to
obtain the global or total equation:
– Individual equations in step V are added together by
using a method of superposition
– Final assembled or global equation is in the form of ,
 F    K  u
Where, F = Global force vector
K = Global stiffness matrix
u = Global displacement vector
• STEP VII – Applying Boundary Conditions:
– Global stiffness matrix K is a singular matrix &
its determinant is equal to zero.
– To remove this singularity problem, certain
boundary conditions are applied.
• STEP VIII – Solution for the unknown
displacements:
– In this step we have to find out or solve the
unknown parameters like displacements by using
Gaussian elimination or Gauss seidel method.
• STEP IX – Computation of element strains &
stress from the nodal displacements:
– After finding out the displacement values we have
to find out the stress & strain values in case of
structural stress analysis problem.
– Strain, e = du/dx
– Stress, σ = Ee
• STEP X – Interpret the results:
– In post processing the computer programs help
the user to interpret the results by displaying them
in graphical form.
APPLICATIONS OF FEA
• Civil Engineering – Analysis of structural
elements, Ex: Trusses, bridges, shell roofs, etc.,
• Aircraft Engineering – Analysis of Aircraft
wings, fins, rockets, spacecraft & missile
structures.
• Mechanical design – Stress analysis of
pressure vessels, pistons, composite materials,
linkages & gears.
• Heat conduction – Temperature distribution in
solids & fluids.
• Hydraulic & water resources engineering –
Analysis of potential flows, free surface flows,
viscous flows. Analysis of hydraulic structures &
dams.
• Electrical machines & electromagnetics –
Analysis of synchronous & induction machines,
eddy current & core losses in electric machines.
• Nuclear engineering – Analysis of nuclear
pressure vessels & containment structures.
• Geo mechanics - Stress analysis in soils, dams,
layered piles & machine foundations.
• Biomedical engineering – Stress analysis of
eye balls, bones & teeth. Mechanics of heart
valves.
SOFTWARE PACKAGES FOR FEM
• NASTRAN
• ANSYS
• ASKA
• DYNA
• ABAQUS
• COSMOS
• I-DEAS
FUNCTIONAL APPROXIMATION METHODS
• Types of problems for which the solutions to

be found out are:
– Equilibrium problems
– Eigen value problems
– Propagation problems
• FAM for solving the above types of problems
are classified are:
– Variational methods
– Weighted residual methods
• Weighted residual methods are classified in
to:
– Point collocation method
– Sub – domain method
– Least square method
– Galerkin’s method.
Rayleigh – Ritz Method
• By using Total Potential Energy:
– It is the algebraic sum of “Internal strain energy & external work
done”
– π=U–W
Where U – Internal strain energy
W – Work done by the external force
• The following displacement function is expressed in terms

of polynomial series or trigonometric series such as:
– Y(x) = a1+a2x+a3x2+a4x3
– Y(x) = a1sin πx/l+a2sin 3πx/l+a3sin 5πx/l+…..
Where a1, a2,a3,… are known as Ritz parameters or Ritz coefficients.
Hints for Solving Problems in Rayleigh Ritz
Method
SIMPLY SUPPORTED & CANTILEVER BEAM:
• Total Potential Energy π = U-W
• Strain energy for a beam, U = EI/20lʃ(d2y/dx2)2dx
• Polynomial Function, y = (a1+a2x+a3x2) or (a1sin πx/l+a2sin
3πx/l+a3sin 5πx/l)
• Work done, W = P.ymax for point load only
• Work done, W = ʃwy dx for UDL only
• Work done, W = ʃwy dx +P.ymax for both UDL & Point load
• Bending moment, M = EI d2y/dx2
PRLOBLEM 1:
Find the deflection at the centre of a simply
supported beam of span length l subjected to a
concentrated load P at its mid point as shown in
figure. Use Rayleigh Ritz method.
SOLUTION:
The potential energy for a beam, π = U – W
Substitute ymax value, we get
W = P.Ymax
= P(a1 – a2)
Now substitute U & W value, we get
For stationary value of π, the following
conditions must be satisfied,
By simplifying the above equation we can get,
• Similarly,
By simplifying the above equation we can get,
We know that maximum deflection,
ymax= a1 – a2
WKT, the SSB is subjected to point load at

EXERCISE PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 1:
Determine the deflection at the centre of a
simply supported beam of span length ‘l’
subjected to uniformly distributed load
throughout its length as shown in figure. Use
Rayleigh Ritz method.
PROBLEM 2:
For a cantilever beam of length L, subjected to a
uniformly distributed load throughout its length.
Find the deflection at the free end of the beam
using Rayleigh – Ritz method.
PROBLEM 3
A simply supported beam subjected to
uniformly distributed load over entire span &
it is subjected to a point load at the centre of
the span. Calculate the bending moment &
deflection at midspan by using Rayleigh – Ritz
method & compare with exact solution.
Weighted Residual Methods
• Point Collocation Method:
– In point Collocation method, Residuals are set to zero
–R=0
• Subdomain Collocation method:
– In this method, ∫ Rdx = 0
• Least Square method:
– In this method, I = ∫R2dx
• Galerkin’s method:
– In this method, ∫Wi R dx = 0
PROBLEM 1
The differential equation of a physical phenomenon is given by,
Trial function, y = a1(x-x4)

Boundary Conditions are y(0) = 0
y(1) = 0
Calculate the value of parameter a1 by the following methods:
i) Point Collocation method; ii) Subdomain method; iii) Least

square method; iv) Galerkin’s method.
SOLUTION:
• First verify, whether the trial function satisfies the
boundary conditions or not.
– Trial function is, y = a1(x-x4)
When x = 0, y = 0
x = 1, y = 0
Hence it satisfies the boundary conditions.
i) Point Collocation method:
y = a1(x-x4)
dy/dx = a1(1-4x3)
d2y/dx2 = a1(0-12x
d2y/dx22) = -12 a1 x2
Substituting value in given differential equation:
In the above equation there are two unknowns. Here

we have to find out only parameter a1. so, take x= 0
to 1. Let us take ½.
Substituting x = ½ in residual we get,
R = -12 a1 (1/2)2 + 500 (1/2)2 = 0
-12 a1 (1/4) + 500 (1/4) = 0
-3 a1 + 125 = 0
a1 = 41.66
• Subdomain collocation method:
This method requires,
Now substitute R value, we get
-12 + 500
-12+
-12+ 500 = 0
-12= ;
= 41.66
• Least Square method:
This method requires, I =
It can also be written as, or I = = 0
WKT, R = -12 + 500
= -12
Now substitute R & values in ‘I’, we get,
144 - 6000
1 1
 x5 x5
   
 5 0  5 0
After Applying limits, we get;
a1 = 41.66
• Galerkin’s Method:
Here trial function is y = Wi = a1(x-x4)

a1 = 41.66
Substitute the values of Wi & R, we get
By integrating we get,
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 1:
Solve the differential equation for a physical
problem expressed as d2y/dx2 + 100 = 0,
0<x<10 with boundary conditions as y (0) = 0
& y (10) = 0 using i) Point Collocation method,
ii) Sub – domain method, iii) Least squares
method, iv) Galerkin’s method.
Problem 2:
The differential equation of a physical
phenomenon is given by d2y/dx2 + y = 4x,
0<x<1. The boundary conditions are: y(0) = 0,
y(1) = 1. obtain one term approximate solution
by using Galerkin's method of weighted
residuals.
PROBLEM 3:
Find the deflection at the centre of a simply
supported beam of span length ‘l’ subjected
to uniformly distributed load throughout its
length as shown in figure using four methods
of Rayleigh Ritz method.
MATRIX ALGEBRA
• MATRIX
– A matrix is an m x n array numbers written in the
form,
1 2 1   2 3
7 5 2  7 9 
  matrix
3x3  3x2 matrix

4 3 1 4 2
1 5 6 
 2 8 5 2x3 matrix
 
 5 
 8  3x1 matrix
 
 7 
Equal Matrices:
If A =  2 5  ,B=
 P Q
then A = B, it is
 4 2 R S 
   
called Equal matrices.
Diagonal Matrices:
5 0 0
0 6 0
 this is diagonal matrix
0 0 8
Scalar Matrix:
8 0 0
0 8 0 
 this is scalar matrix
0 0 8
Unit Matrix:
1 this0is unit matrix

0 1 
 
MATRIX OPERATION
Scalar multiplication:
2 3 6 9 
If A =   ; 3A = 12 24
 4 8  
Addition & Subtraction:

 2 4 3 3 5 7 
 2 4 4 8 6 12
A= ;B=  ; A+B =  
 
SUBRACTION:
 1 1 
A-B =  
  2  4
Multiplication of two matrices:
22 38
A*B =  
 22 38
 2 4
 2 9 5 2 5 62 78
A =  ;B=   , A*B = 78 73
8 5
 2 5 8 MZCET/6 A&B/ME6303/FEA/1
 
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ME6303 - FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

Solid Structure Finite Element

Meshed View of Car

i) One dimensional elements:

iii) Three dimensional elements:

 k is the element stiffness matrix

• Types of problems for which the solutions to

• The following displacement function is expressed in terms

Now substitute U & W value, we get

By simplifying the above equation we can get,

By simplifying the above equation we can get,

WKT, the SSB is subjected to point load at

Trial function, y = a1(x-x4)

i) Point Collocation method; ii) Subdomain method; iii) Least

In the above equation there are two unknowns. Here

Here trial function is y = Wi = a1(x-x4)

1 this0is unit matrix

Addition & Subtraction:

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