Qassim University

Faculty of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Instructor: Prof. Elamir Samy Gadelmawla

Course: GE 104
Contents

 Constructional Geometry
13. Constructing a circle inside a triangle
14. Constructing a circle outside a triangle
15. Drawing an arc tangent to two lines
16. Drawing an arc tangent to a line and arc
17. Drawing an arc tangent to two arcs
18. Drawing an ellipse using concentric-circle method

 Exercises
1. Exercise #1
2. Exercise #2
1
Constructional
Geometry
12. Constructing a circle inside a triangle:

Given: A
Three sides of a triangle or Think
three points A, B, and C About It

C
12. Constructing a circle inside a triangle:

Given:
Three sides of a triangle or A
three points A, B, and C Required
Procedures:
1. Bisect any two angles of the
triangle into to equal angles,
angles B and C, for example.
2. The bisecting lines will O
intersect at the center of the
circle, point O. B
3. From O, draw a
perpendicular line to any
side of the triangle, OD, for D
example.
4. Using O as center, draw a C
circle with a radius equal to
OD.
13. Constructing a circle outside a triangle:

Given: Think
Three sides of a triangle or
A About It
three points A, B, and C

O
B

C
13. Constructing a circle outside a triangle:

Given: A Required
Three sides of a triangle or
three points A, B, and C

Procedures:
1. Bisect any two side of
the triangle into to
equal parts, sides AB
and AC, for example.
2. The bisecting lines will
O
intersect at the center B
of the circle, point O.
3. Using O as center,
draw a circle with a
radius equal to OA, OC
or OB.
C
14. Drawing an arc tangent to two lines:

Given: C

 Two Lines AB and AC R25

 Radius of a tangent Arc

R25
R25

A B
Think
About it
14. Drawing an arc tangent to two lines:

Procedures:
1. Draw a parallel line to the first C
line (AB) and far from it with a
distance equal to the arc R25
radius.
2. Similarly, draw a parallel line
to the second line AC.
3. The two parallel lines will
intersect at O.
4. From O, draw two
O
perpendicular line to AB and E
AC to find the tangent points D
R25
and E. R25
5. Using O as center, draw an arc
A D B
with the required radius, 25 in
this case, between points D
and E.
14. Drawing an arc tangent to two lines:

Procedures:
1. Draw a parallel line to the first line (AB) and far
from it with a distance equal to the arc radius.
2. Similarly, draw a parallel line to the second line
AC.
3. The two parallel lines will intersect at O.
C
4. From O, draw two perpendicular line to AB and
R25 AC to find the tangent points D and E.
5. Using O as center, draw an arc with the required
radius, 25 in this case, between points D and E.

R25
E R25
Required A D B
15. Drawing an arc tangent to a line and arc:

Given:
 Line AB and Arc A1 with A1
radius R1
 Radius of a tangent Arc (R)

C D
X
R

Think
A B About it
15. Drawing an arc tangent to a line and arc:

Procedures:
1. Draw a parallel line to the first line (AB) and far
from it with a distance equal to the arc radius.
2. Using the center of the given arc (O), draw an
A1
arc with a radius equal to R+R1.
3. The parallel line and the arc will intersect at X.
4. From X, draw a perpendicular line to AB and a
draw a line between X and O in order to find
the tangent points E and F.
5. Using O as center, draw an arc with the O
required radius, 25 in this case, between
points D and E.
F
C D
X
R

Required

A E B
16. Drawing an arc tangent to two arcs (Case 1):

Given:
 Arc A1 with radius R1 and
Arc A2 with radius R2 O
 Radius of a tangent Arc (R) Think
R1
About it

A1

P R+R1
R2 R

A2
Q
16. Drawing an arc tangent to two arcs (Case 1):

Procedures:
1. Using the center of one of
the given arcs (O), draw an
arc with a radius equal to
R+R1. O
2. Using the center of the R1
second arc (P), draw an arc Required
with a radius equal to R+R2.
3. The two arcs will intersect at E
A1
Q.
4. Draw two lines between Q, O P R+R1
and Q, P in order to find the R2 R
F
tangent points E and F.
5. Using O as center, draw an
arc with the required radius, A2
25 in this case, between Q
points D and E.
16. Drawing an arc tangent to two arcs (Case 2):

Given:
 Arc A1 with radius R1 and A1
Arc A2 with radius R2
 Radius of tangent Arc (R) R1
O

R2 R
Think
R-R1
About it
P
A2

Q
16. Drawing an arc tangent to two arcs (Case 2):

Procedures:
1. Using the center of one of
the given arcs (O), draw Required
an arc with a radius equal E
to R+R1. A1
2. Using the center of the
second arc (P), draw an R1
arc with a radius equal to
O
R+R2.
3. The two arcs will intersect
at Q.
4. Draw two lines between Q, R
O and Q, P in order to find F R2
R-R1
the tangent points E and F.
5. Using O as center, draw P
an arc with the required
radius, 25 in this case,
A2
between points D and E.
Q
17. Drawing an ellipse using concentric-circle method:

Think
About it

D1

D2
17. Drawing an ellipse using concentric-circle method:

Procedures:
1. From the center of the ellipse, draw L2
two circles with diameters equal to
the two diameters of the ellipse.
2. Draw the horizontal and vertical
center lines for the large circle. D L1
3. Consider points A, B, C, and D lie T2
on the ellipse boundary. S2
4. Divide the large circle into any
number of equal slices. For S1 T1
example, draw inclined lines every 30o
30o pass through the center of the
ellipse.
A  B

5. Each inclined line will intersect the

small and the large circles at two Center
points (Sn, Ln). Where n =1, 2, 3, …
Point
6. For each pair of points Sn, Ln, draw
a horizontal and vertical lines. C
These lines will intersect at Tn,
which is considered on the ellipse
boundary.
7. Connect the resultant points to
draw the ellipse.
2
Exercises
18. Exercise #1:

Think
About it
18. Exercise #1:

Required

75 R15

12

40 40
30

35
19. Exercise #2:

Think
About it
19. Exercise #2:
R20
R40

50

80

115

90 20

75
40
10
10

95
Thank You