RAFT

 RAFT
 WHY RAFT IS USED
CONTENT
 RIGID AND FLEXIBLE RAFT
 TYPES OF RAFT
 COMPONENT OF RAFT
 NUMERICAL
 REFERANCES
 RAFT

 The raft foundation is a kind of combined footing that

may cover the entire area under the structure supporting
several columns in one rigid body.
 The raft will be designed as flat plate, which has a
uniform thickness and with or without any beams or
pedestals.
 WHY RAFT IS USED

 In project, the soil profile shows that the bearing stress is

around 100 kN/m2 OR EVEN LESS .
 The columns have high axial loads.
 If spread footings used, the area of the footing required
will be big .In this big spread footing condition, footing of
one column coincides with each other, the raft foundation
could be much practical and economical.
 When the SBC of soil gradually varies for area under
foundation.
 RIGID AND FLEXIBLE RAFT

 Based on soil –structure interaction

RIGID RAFT-
 assume to settle uniformly under the load,
 Pressure of all the parts being the same
FLEXIBLE RAFT-
 There will be more settlement under the load,
 Pressure of all the parts being the varying
 TYPES OF RAFT

 Flat slab raft

 Beam- slab raft
 Cellular raft
 Piled raft
 Annular raft
 Grid raft
Flat slab raft
Beam- slab raft
Cellular raft
Piled raft
 COMPONENT OF RAFT

 Column
 Columns capitals
 Drop panel
 Main slab
 Beams
 Numerical

 Design a raft foundation for nine column spaced in three

rows. The c/c spacing of column is 3.5 m in both vertical
and horizontal direction . The column sizes and loading
are as given below.

Corner Columns 300 mm sq. 600kN

External Middle column 350 mm sq. 800 kN

Interior Middle column 400 mm sq. 1100 kN

Assume s.b.c. of soil as 125 kN/m2 . Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel .
Sketch reinforcement details.
 Calculate area required for the raft
Total load on raft = Q = 4x600+4x800+1100
=6700 kN
Required Area of raft= (6700+10%of6700)/125
= 58.96 m2
side of square raft = √58.96 = 7.67 m2
therefore, proposed raft size = 7.7 x 7.7 m
The raft is placed in such a fashion that the centroid
of raft area coincide with point O.
 Determine net soil upward pressure
q= Q/A
= 6700/7.7 x 7.7 = 113 kN/m2
Consider strips along x direction
 There are three strips in x direction
1. ABEF - width = 2100 mm
2. EFHG - width = 3500 mm
3. GHCD – width = 2100 mm
For strip ABEF
qav =(qa +qb )/2= (113+113)/2=113 kn/m2
Qav = 0.5 x (downward load + upward load)
= 0.5(600+800+600+113 x 2.1 x 7.7)
= 1913.6 kN.
Calculate modified av pressure -qav
-q = q x ( Q / q x BB1)
av av av av
= 113 x (1913.6/(113 x 7.7 x 2.1)) = 118.34 kN/m2
 Calculate column load modification factor f ,

f= (Qav /(Q1+q2+Q3))
= 0.9568
Hence modified column loads are
fQ1 = .9568 x 600 = 574.1 kN
fQ2 = .9568 x 800 = 765.4 kN
fQ3 = .9568 x 600 = 574.1 kN

It is used to have static equilibrium between Column load & upward

load due to soil pressure ,
Column load = 574.1+765.44+574.1 = 1913.64 kN
Upward load = 118.34 x 2.1 x 7.7 = 1913.56 kN

Other wise static equilibrium is not achieved

As ,
Column load = 600+800+600 = 2000 kN
Upward load = 113 x 2.1 x 7.7 1827.21kN
 Draw S.F.D and B.M.D. For strip ABEF
 S.F.D. Calculation :

Lsfb = 248.51 x .35 = 86.98 kN

Rsfb = 248.51 x .35 – 574.1 = 382.66 kN
Lsfc = 248.51 x 3.85 – 574.1 = -382.66 kN
Rsfc = 382.66 – 765.44 = -382.8 kN
Lsfd = 248.51 x 7.35 – 574.1 – 765.44 = 487 kN
Rsfd = 487 – 574.1 = - 87 kN
 B.M.D. Calculation :

Mb= 248.51 x (.352/2)= 15.22 kNm

Mf = 248.51 x (2.312/2) – 574.1 x 1.96 -462.1 kNm
Mc = 248.51 x (3.852/2) -574.1 x 3.5 = -167.5kNm
Mg = 248.51 x (5.392/2) – 574.1 x 5.04 -765.44 x 1.54
= -462.4 kNm
Md = 248.51 x ( 7.352/2) – 574.1 x 7 – 7654.44 x 3.5
= 15 kNm
For strip EFHG
q= Q/A
= 6700/7.7 x 7.7 = 113 kN/m2
Consider strips along x direction
qav =(qa +qb )/2= (113+113)/2=113 kn/m2
Qav = 0.5 x (downward load + upward load)
= 0.5(1100+800+800+113 x 3.5 x 7.7)
= 2872.67 kN.
Calculate modified av pressure -qav
-q = q x ( Q / q x BB1)
av av av av
= 113 x (2872.67 /(113 x 7.7 x 3.5)) = 106.6 kN/m2
 Calculate column load modification factor f ,
f= (Qav /(Q1+Q2+Q3))
= (2872.67/(800+1100+800)) = 1.064
Hence modified column loads are
fQ1 = 1.064 x 800 = 851.2 kN
fQ2 = 1.064 x 1100 = 1170.4 kN
fQ3 1.064 x800 = 851.2 kN

It is used to have static equilibrium between Column load &

upward load due to soil pressure ,
Column load = 851.2+1170.4+851.2= 2872.87 kN
Upward load = 106.6 x 3.5 x 7.7 = 2872.87 kN
 Draw S.F.D and B.M.D. For strip EFHG
 S.F.D. Calculation :

Lsfb = 373.1 x .35 = 130.58 kN

Rsfb = 130.58-851.2 -720.6 kN
Lsfc 373.1 x 3.85 – 851.2 = 585.2 kN
Rsfc = 585.2 – 1170.4 = -585.2 kN
Lsfd = 373.1 x 7.35 – 851.2 – 1170.4 = 720.7 kN
Rsfd = 720.7 – 851.2 = - 130.51 kN
 B.M.D. Calculation :

Mb= 373.1x (.352/2)= 22.85kNm

Mf = 373.1 x (2.312/2) – 851.2 x 1.93 = -673 kNm
Mc = 373.1 x (3.852/2) - 851.2 x 3.5 = -214 kNm
Mg = 373.1 x (5.422/2) – 851.2x 5.07 -1170.4 x 1.54
= -673 kNm
Md = 373.1 x ( 7.352/2) – 851.2x 7 – 1170.4 x 3.5
= 23.1 kNm
 Consider the strips along y direction

Dimension of strip AJID and BLKC are same as that of strips

ABFE and GHCD in x direction. Similarly the loadings are
also same hence the analysis done for strips ABFE is valid
for strips AJID, BLKC in y direction
Similarly analysis results of strip EFHG in x direction are
valid for strip JLKI in y direction
Strips Width Max. Hogg. Max. Sagg.
Max. SF &
location
( mm) BM (kNm) BM (kNm)
(kN)
ABFE
487.12 kN
GHCD 2100 462.4 15.22
@ Rb
AJID, BLKC
EFHG 720.7 kN @
3500 673 23.1
JLKI Ld
 Design for B.M.
For strip ABFE
d= √(1.5 x 462.4 x 106)/(2.76 x 2100)
= 346 mm.
For strip EFHG
d = √(1.5 x 673 106 )/(2.76 x 3500)
= 323 mm.
Select max. of above two ‘d’ ,
D = 323+ (20/2)+40 mm.
 Two –way shear usually needs more d than that for B.M.
Design for T/W S.F.
so choose D = 500 mm , d = 450 mm
for heavily loaded column
d = 450 mm
Force = 1170.4 kN
Force = 106.60 x (0.4 + .225 + .25 )2 = 77.02 kN
T/W S. F . = 1170.4 -77.02 = 1093.38 kN
= 4 x ( .4 + .225 + .225 ) x .45 = 1.53 m2
T/ W S.F . = (1.5 x 1093.38 x 103 )/( 1.53 x 106)
= 1.07 N/mm2 < 1.118 N/mm2 ( .25 x √fck ) safe
 Under external middle column (strip ABFE)

Force = 765.44 kN
Force = 118.34 x (0.35+.225+.225)x (.35+.225+.175)
= 71 kN
T/W SF = 765.44-71 = 694.44 kN
T/W SF = (2 x (.35+2 x .225)+ 2 x (.35+.225+.175)) x
.45
=1.3975 m2
 Under external middle column (strip EFHG)

Force = 851.2kN
Force = 106.6 x (0.35+.225+.175)x (.35+.225+.225)
= 63.95 kN
T/W SF = 851.2-63.95 = 787.25 kN
Area resi. T/W SF = (2 x (.35+2 x .225)+ 2 x (.35+.225+.175)) x
.45
=1.3975 m2
T/ W S.F . = (1.5 x 787.25 x 103 )/( 1.395 x 106)
= .846 N/mm2
 Under corner column (strip ABFE)

Force = 574.1 kN
Force = 118.34 x (0.3+.225+.175)2
= 57.98 kN
Area resi. t/w shear = 4 x (0.3+.225+.175) x .45
= 1.26m2
T/W SF = (1.5 x 516.12 x 103)/(1.26 x 106)
= 0.614 N/ mm2 < 1.18 n/ mm2 safe
 Calculating Ast ,

Ast = ((0.5 x fck )/ (fy)) x 1- √1- ((4.6 x Mu)/(fck x b x d2) x b x

d
For strip ABEF, Mu= 462.4 kNm ; b = 2100 mm
Putting the value in above eqs. We get,
Ast = 4771 mm2
16- 20 ф at top ; spacing 133 mm
Similarly,
For strip EFHG, Mu= 673 kNm ; b = 3500 mm
Hence,
Ast = 6831.28 mm2
22- 20 ф at top ; spacing 160 mm
 Minimum steel

As = (.85 x b x d )/ fy
For strip ABEF Ast = (.85 x 2100 x 450)/ 415
= 1936 mm2
18 – 12 ф at bottom

For strip EFHG Ast = (.85 x 3500 x 450)/ 415

= 3227 mm2
30 – 12 ф at bottom
 Design for on way shear

SF = 487.12 kN Rb according to SFD

SF at dist. Of 500 mm from column face towards right
= 487.12 – 248.51 x (.15+.5) = 325.59 kN
Nominal S.S.
tv = (1.5 x 325.59 x 103)/(2100 x 450)
= .516 N/mm2 < 2.8 N/mm2 x 7-1170.4
(100 x As)/b x d = (100 x 5026.56)/(2100 x 450)
= 38.3 kN
Spacing of 41 – 8 step
= (.87 x 415 x 4 x 50.26 x 450)/ 38.3 x 103 = 852 mm
Providing 42 – 8 steps 300 c/c
For strip EFHG
SF = 720.7kN Ld according to SFD
SF at dist. Of 450 mm from column face towards left
= 720.7 – 373.1 x (.175+.5) = 487.5 kN
Nominal S.S.
tv = (1.5 x 487.5 x 103)/(3500 x 450)
= .464 N/mm2 < 2.8 N/mm2
(100 x As)/b x d = (100 x 6911.52)/(3500 x 450)
= .43
τc = .456 N/mm2
Vst = 1.5 x 487.5 - .456 x (3500 x 450)/ 1000 = 13.05 kN
sp. Of 41-8 steps = (.87 x 415 x 4 x 50.26 x 450)/(13.05 x 103)
= 2502 mm
provide 41-8 steps 300 c/c
 Increase tension r/f
In strip ABFE,
τv =.536 N/mm2 for = (100 x As)/b x d = 0.7
22- 20 ф
In strip EFHG,
τv =.464 N/mm2 for = (100 x As)/b x d = .46
24 – 20 ф
Therefore , out come of design of raft
Size ( 7700 x 7700) D = 500 mm
In strip ABFE (width 2100 mm)
22 – 20 ф top ; 18-12 ф bottom
In strip EFHG (width 3500 mm)
24– 20 ф top ; 30-12 ф bottom no shear r/f
Numerical
 REFERANCES

 Reinforced concrete foundation

By P.C. Varghese
 RCC
By S Ramamruthan