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Qualitative

Research
Designs
2 5/1/2018

Qualitative Designs/Types
 TYPES
 Case study
 Aneffort to seek an understanding of a single
person or entity

 Ethnography
 Aneffort to describe and analyze all or part of
the culture of a community by identifying and
describing participants’ practices and beliefs

 Ethology
 Aneffort to compare several cultures with one
another Dr.Raana Malik
3 5/1/2018

Qualitative Designs
 Types (continued)
 Ethnomethodology
 An effort to examine people’s understanding
of their daily activities
 Grounded theory
 Aneffort to derive theory grounded in the
perspectives of the participants
 Phenomenology
 Aneffort to understand the meaning of an
individual’s experiences

Dr.Raana Malik
4 5/1/2018

Qualitative Approaches
Types (continued)
 Symbolic interaction
 An effort to seek common understandings
that emerge to give meaning to participants’
interactions
 Historical research
 An effort to seek to understand the past by
studying documents, remainders, and
interviews
Dr.Raana Malik
The Case
Study
6 5/1/2018

The Case Study


 Interestis in an individual case
 Data may be quantitative or qualitative
 Focus on what can be learned from the
individual case
 A ‘case’ may be simple or complex
 Single child
 Class of children

Dr.Raana Malik
7 5/1/2018

Types of Case Study


 Intrinsic
 The case itself is of interest
 Instrumental case study
 A particular case is studied to provide insight
into an issue or to refine a theory
 Collective case study
 A number of cases are studied jointly in order to
investigate a phenomenon (instrumental study
extended to several cases)

Dr.Raana Malik
Ethnography
9 5/1/2018

Ethnography
 Rooted in anthropology
 Also called participant observation/
naturalistic enquiry
 Ethno = people
 Graphy = describing something
 Characterized by involvement of
researcher

Dr.Raana Malik
10 5/1/2018

Ethnography
 Ethnography emphasizes the observation
of details of everyday life as they
naturally unfold in the real world. This is
sometimes called naturalistic research.

 Ethnography is a method of describing a


culture or society. This is primarily used in
anthropological research.
Dr.Raana Malik
Grounded
Theory
12 5/1/2018

Grounded Theory

 Grounded theory refers to an inductive


process of generating theory from data.
 Thisis considered ground-up or bottom-up
processing.
 Grounded theorists argue that theory
generated from observations of the empirical
world may be more valid and useful than
theories generated from deductive inquiries.
Dr.Raana Malik
13 5/1/2018

Grounded Theory (con’t)


 Grounded theorists criticize deductive reasoning
since it relies upon a priori assumptions about
the world.
 However, grounded theory incorporates
deductive reasoning when using constant
comparisons.
 In doing this, researchers detect patterns in their
observations and then create working
hypotheses that directs the progression of the
inquiry. Dr.Raana Malik
Phenomenology
15 5/1/2018

Features of Phenomenology
 Rooted in philosophy
 Central question: what is the meaning,
structure, and essence of the lived
experience of this phenomenon for this
person/group of people?
 How is each individual’s subjective reality
applied to make experiences
meaningful?
 Analysis of the language used
Dr.Raana Malik
16 5/1/2018

Phenomenology
 Phenomenology is a school of thought
that emphasizes a focus on people’s
subjective experiences and
interpretations of the world.
 Phenomenological theorists argue that
objectivity is virtually impossible to
ascertain, so to compensate, one must
view all research from the perspective of
the researcher.
Dr.Raana Malik
17 5/1/2018

Phenomenology (con’t)
 Phenomenologists attempt to understand
those whom they observe from the
subjects’ perspective.

 This
outlook is especially pertinent in
social work and research where empathy
and perspective become the keys to
success.

Dr.Raana Malik
Historical
Research
19 5/1/2018

Historical Research
 Used to gain information on an event, development
and/or previous educational experience
 Process may involve studying previous situation,
checking on current situation, and to predict if the
same situation will occur again
 Conclusion on previous event is done based on
collected facts and evidences to answer why and
how the event and repercussions occurred
 Useful to solve questions that involve sensitive issues
 Important for systematically & objectively collecting
and defining facts and evidences
Dr.Raana Malik
20 5/1/2018

Procedure for Historical Research


 Define the problem
 Specify source of evidence
 Collect evidence / reference materials
 Primary source / original (observation or witnesses of
events or authentic objects – e.g. artifacts, speech text,
records etc.)
 Secondary source (materials or information collected
from primary sources – e.g. paintings, films, news reports,
documents
 Critique of evidences
 External critique: confirming if collected sources are genuine and reliable
(authenticity of paintings, signatures, chemical analysis etc.)
 Internal critique: conducted after authenticity of source of information is
confirmed – involves evaluation of collected evidences– is it important?
Required?

 Able to explain the researched phenomenon


Dr.Raana Malik
 Prepare the report
Quantitative
Research
Designs
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH SURVEY
SURVEY METHOD:

 STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE
 GIVEN TO A SAMPLE OF A POPULATION
 DESIGNED TO GAIN SPECIFIC
INFORMATION
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH -
SURVEY Survey
Methods

Telephone Personal Mail Electronic

In-Home By Random Personal Internet


E-mail
appointment Interviewing

Traditional Computer-Assisted
Mail Mail
Telephone Telephone
Interview Panel
Interviewing
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH -
EXPERIMENTATION
EXPERIMENTATION METHOD:

 Scientific investigation in which

 an investigator manipulates and controls one or


more independent variables and

 observes the dependent variable for variation


concomitant to the manipulation of the
independent variables.
SUMMARY
 Quantitative Research is interested in using
formalised, standard structured questioning,
whereby response options are pre-determined
 Usually to be administered to significantly large
numbers of people.

Descriptive Causal
(Surveys) (Experimentation)

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