WHY RESEARCH IS OF VALUE?

VARIOUS PEOPLE WITH VARIOUS JOBS AND

INTENTIONS OFTEN NEED INFORMATION

HOW DO THEY OBTAIN IT?

HOW THEY CAN GET KN_LEDGE OF S-THING?

These are questioning

THE WAYS OF KNOWING
 FIVE WAYS OF KNOWING:
SENSORY EXPERIENCE (One knows s-thing
through five sensors: eyes, nose, ears, tongue, skin)
AGREEMENT WITH OTHERS (One share and
checks the accuracy of what he got with others.
EXPERT’S OPINION (One asks some one else he
consider has known what he has not known. The term
“ask” is equal with “listen and read”)
LOGIC (One use his intellectual capacity or reasoning,
or logical thinking to know s-thing. There are two typical
ways: deduction and induction)
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD (One knows something by
testing his ideas in the public/empirical arena following
certain steps, procedures or methods)
SENSORY EXPERIENCE

+ One can know (=get data) very immediately

- Sensory knowledge is UNRELIABLE or
UNDEPENDABLE.
One knowledge through senses is very
subjective. Give example(s)!
 AGREEMENT WITH OTHERS

The soup is salty, isn’t it.

Don’t you feel that it’s very cool inside the room?
Did you smell something when we got in that
room?
Do you think my teaching technique is effective?

+ It can discard or refine one’s untrue/inaccurate

data (knowledge)
- The knowledge can be wrong. The teller (others,
actually don’t know) or have got untrue data.
 EXPERT’S OPINION
or AUTHORITY’S OPINION

The accuracy of the data/knowledge got

through this way is much more
DEPENDABLE on the CREDENTIALS of
the experts. What he tells is the opinions
based on what he knows (from reading
and experiencing).
 LOGIC
DEDUCTIVE THINKING (FROM GENERAL TO
SPECIFIC): All human beings are mortal, Joko
Bodo is a human being, therefore Joko Bodo
is mortal.
INDUCTIVE THINKING (FROM SPECIFIC TO
GENERAL): Goats are mammals and they give
birth. Rats are mammals, they give birth. ,
they . So: Mammals give birth.
 KNOWLEDGE FROM LOGIC CAN LEAD
TO FALSE CONCLUSION

THE KNOWLEDGE DERIVED FROM LOGIC MAY BE UN- TRUE

BECAUSE THEY ARE DEPENDABLE ON THE TRUTH OR
ACCUARACY OF THE MAJOR AND MINOR PREMISES

Major Prem.: STUDENTS WHO TAKES NOTES ON A

REGULARBASIS IN CLASS THEIR GRADES IMPROVE .
Minor Premise: Suminah, a student, got low grade .

Conclusion (as knowledge): “SUMI, if you will take notes, your

grade should improve as well!”
 UNTRUE KNOWLEDGE because the major premise is untrue.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD (YUYUN SURIA SUMANTRI; FILSAFAT ILMU)

1.
RESEARCH
PROBLEM
SIFAT: 2. KERANGKA
MEMPERKAYA DEDUKTIF; KOHEREN; RASIONAL BERFIKIR +
KHASANAH ILMU KAJIAN
PENGETAHUAN 3. HIPOTESIS KEPUSTAKAAN

4.
PENGAMAT RE-
AN; EVALUAS
KUMPUL & I
OLAH DATA
SIFAT:
INDUKTIF; STATISTIK; FAKTUAL

TERUJI TAK TERUJI

5. UJI HIPOTESIS
SCIENTIFIC PROCESS (Adapted from Frankel & Wallen. 2007. HoW to
design and evaluate research in education. McGrawHill. )

1. RESEARCH
PROBLEM
2. HYPOTHESIS/
5. DESIGN& QUESTION(S)
PROCEDURES

4B. INSTRUMENTATION 3A. DEFINITIONS

4A SAMPLE
3B.
LITERATURE
REVIEW.
TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS ( REJECTING/
6. DATA ANALYSIS
ACCEPTING THE H-NULL 
(STATISTICS)
CONCLUSION)
The Method/ Procedure above is a kind of
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH it consists of
several fixed and rigid steps to follow
sequentially

Such a method are derived/ developed from

the way NATURAL SCIENCES do a
research
ARE THERE OTHER TYPES OF
RESEARCH WITH THEIR OWN
PROCEDURES?

Yes, there are.

Since more kinds of sciences exist and
developed/_ing, there have been more
various ways and methods of research