Zone of Proximal

Development
AND
Scaffolding
Done By: Shaikha Sultan
(H00354093) And Hind Saeed
(H00355016)
 Table of content
Lev Vygotsky ………………………………………………………………………..3
Zone Of Proximal Development ………………………………………….. 4
How to discover ZPD …………………………………………………………... 5
When to use ZPD …………………………………………………………………. 6
Advantages of Disadvantages of ZPD …………………………………... 7
Outcome of zpd if not properly used or determined …………………………8
Jerome Bruner …………………………………………………………………….. 9
Scaffolding theory ……………………………………………………………... 10
When to use scaffolding ……………………………………………………...11
Scaffolding Techniques ………………………………………………………..12
Outcome of scaffolding if not properly used or determined …………….. 15
Advantages of Disadvantages of scaffolding ………………………. 16
ZPD and Scaffolding in English Subject ………………………………. 17
Provide an assessment for an English outcome ……………………18
TP View ………………………………………………………………………………..21
References……………………………………………………………………………22
 Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)
A. He’s a russian psychologist who’s best known for his sociocultural
theory and zone of proximal development.

A. Due to his early death, most of his theories were left undeveloped.

A. His work in the last 10 years of his life has become the foundation of
much research and theory in cognitive development.

HIND
 Zone Of Proximal Development
In 1978, Vygotsky proposed the idea of ZPD as the difference between what a
learner can do without help and what she can do with the help of others.

It has to levels:

➢ Actual development
➢ Potential development

The Zone Of Proximal Development is a key area in the

Education field as it explains how an educator can contribute
in improving the actual development level of a student as he
aims to achieving his potential development.

HIND
 How to discover ZPD:
Discovering ZPD in the classroom depends on the teacher, because she’ll ask
questions and give tasks and with that she’ll know the students are at which level
and then she will assist them until they master the level.

SHAIKHA
 When to use ZPD:
When the student has difficulty to complete a certain thing.

So, what the teacher role is:

1. First, the teacher should identify what a student already knows

1. the teacher can build on this knowledge through scaffolding

1. teachers can help students connect their new learning to their prior knowledge

1. Lastly, the teacher should guide the child until he\she can complete the steps
independently.

SHAIKHA
 Advantage of ZPD
★ This approach also promotes more
ways to learn, more subjects to
choose from and the flexibility
various learning methods would
provide.
★ Allowing learners to monitor and
manage their own progress will
encourage an insatiable appetite for
learning
HIND
Disadvantage of ZPD
★ Vygotsky’s theory focused more
upon the processes through which
children develop rather than the
characteristics of that children of
particular ages are likely to
demonstrate
★ Vygotsky’s descriptions of
developmental processes were
cited as being vague and
speculative
Outcome of zpd if not properly used or determined
Most people argued that there is level in the zone of proximal development
where it’s just right. If the work was too easy then no learning process will take
place, and if it’s too hard for the students then it will be inaccessible and the
students will feel frustrated.

HIND
Jerome Bruner (1915-2016)
1. Jerome Bruner was a psychologist noted for his contributions in the
field of educational psychology.

1. Born in 1915, Bruner held psychology chairs at Harvard University and at

the University of Cambridge.

1. Bruner was influenced by the work of Lev Vygotsky, who shared

Bruner's belief that a child's social environment and social interactions
are key elements of the learning process.

1. Bruner died in 2016. SHAIKHA

 Scaffolding Theory
Bruner's studies on learning led to his research and ultimate development of the famous
scaffolding theory in education, which identifies the importance of providing students with enough
support in the initial stages of learning a new subject.

SHAIKHA
 When to use scaffolding
Scaffolding should be used whenever a new lesson is going to be presented, because it's
considered to be an important element of effective teaching, and it also move students
progressively toward stronger understanding and, ultimately, greater independence in
the learning process.

HIND
 Scaffolding Techniques
Verbal (It’s based on language development)

1. Paraphrasing
2. Using “think-alouds”
3. Reinforcing contextual definitions
4. Developing questions with Bloom’s taxonomy in mind

HIND
 Procedural Scaffolding (Grouping techniques and activity structures and frames)
1. Using an instructional framework that includes explicit teaching -modeling
-practicing -applying .
2. 1-1 teaching, coaching, modeling.
3. Pairing and grouping of students so that less experienced/knowledgeable
students work with more experienced/knowledgeable students.
4. Activating prior knowledge.

SHAIKHA
 Instructional Scaffolding (tools that support learning)
1. Graphic organizers.
2. Using visuals and imagery.
3. Making a variety of resources available in the classroom, dictionary.

SHAIKHA
 The advantages of The disadvantages of
scaffolding scaffolding
1. Easy to understand.
2. All learners are actively involved 1. Time consuming.
in the learning process. 2. Student learn at different
speeds.
3. Scaffolding minimises the
learner’s frustrations. 3. Training in each section is
difficult.

HIND
 Outcome of scaffolding if not properly used or determined
If scaffolding is not properly used in the classroom:

1. The student may receive wrong information.

2. The students won't understand the lesson.
3. The student will feel confused.
4. The teacher will have to repeat the lesson.

HIND
 ZPD and scaffolding in English subject
ZPD and scaffolding can be used in English subject, when you clearly have a concept of what knowledge and skills your
students should be able to grasp by the end of the class, first you need to to determine all the concepts the students
need to master.In this setting, the teacher or mentor is not only tasked to teach her lessons but is also responsible for
coming up with ways on stimulating the classroom into an interactive social environment.

1. Simplifying the language: The teacher can simplify the language by shortening selections,
speaking in the present tense, and avoiding the use of idioms.
2. Asking for completion, not generation: The teacher can have students choose answers from a list
or complete a partially finished outline or paragraph.
3. Using visuals: The teacher can present information and ask for students to respond through the
use of graphic organizers, tables, charts, outlines, and graphs.

SHAIKHA
Circle the past tense (Low)

SHAIKHA
Fill the Gap with the right
choice: (ZPD)

HIND
 Write your own
sentence (High)

HIND
TP view
References
1. Everett, D. (n.d.). Advantages & Disadvantages. Retrieved February 14, 2018, from
https://deverettuna.weebly.com/advantages--disadvantages.html

2. Firestone, M. (n.d.). Scaffolding in Education: Definition, Theory & Examples. Retrieved from Study.com: https://study.com/
3. McLeod, S. (1970, January 01). Zone of Proximal Development. Retrieved February 15, 2018, from
https://www.simplypsychology.org/Zone-of-Proximal-Development.html
4. Sarah Mae Sincero (Nov 4, 2012). Zone Of Proximal Development. Retrieved Feb 17, 2018 from Explorable.com:
https://explorable.com/zone-of-proximal-development

5. Team, B. R. (n.d.). Three Scaffolding Techniques to Enhance Common Core Standards Learning. Retrieved from concordia

university portland https://education.cu-portland.edu/blog/classroom-resources/three-scaffolding-techniques-to-enhance-

common-core-standards-learning/
6. William, D., & Chaiklin, S. (2017, January 13). Problems with the 'zone of proximal development'. Retrieved February 17, 2018,
from http://www.learningspy.co.uk/featured/problems-zone-proximal-development/