Um Interface and Radio

Channels

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Contents

1. Overview
2. Processing of Voice Signal
3. Radio Channel

2 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Radio Interface

Another MSC
PSTN
ISDN
BTS

BSC

MS A-bis A MSC/VLR

HLR/AUC
MS
SMC
OMC
Um

Page3 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Hierarchical Structure of Um Interface

Communication management (CM)

Network application layer (L3)
Mobility and security management
(MM)

Radio resources management (RR)

Data link layer (L2)

Integrated management

RACH BCCH AGCH/PCH SDCCH SACCH TCH FACCH

Physical link layer (L1) TCH0 TCH1 TCH2 。。SACCH 。。TCH23 IDL
Multiframe

Page4 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Radio Access Technology

Time Time TDMA

FDMA

Frequency Frequency

Time
CDMA

Code

Frequency

Page5 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Radio Access Technology

Page6 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Contents

1. Overview
2. Processing of Voice Signal
3. Radio Channel

Page7 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Voice Signal Processing

Regular Pulse Excited - Linear Predictive Coder

20ms
8KHz, 13bit Speech 13kbit/s Channel
Voice A/D Segmentation
coding 260 bits coding
RPE-LPC

22.8kbit/s

Burst
Interleaving Encryption Modulation Transmission
formatting

Page8 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Speech Coding
The coding mode is called Regular Pulse Excited - Linear Predictive
Coder (RPE-LPC).
It works as follow:
• 8KHZ of sampling is performed first,
• Segmented encoded into 20ms blocks containing 260 bits
• The data bit rate is 13kbit/s.
• The 260 bit output of the speech coder is further classified as
Class Ia - 50 bits (most sensitive to bit errors)
Class Ib - 132 bits (moderately sensitive to bit errors)
Class II - 78 bits (least sensitive to error)

Page9 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Channel Coding
+3 +4*2
Block
50bit coder
Excited 456bit
coder
132bit

78bit
 The Class IA bits are encoded using a cyclic encoder to add three bits
of redundancy.
(b0, b1, b2, m0, m1, m2, …., m49)
 The 53 bits of the cyclic encoder are added to the 132 Class Ib bits
along with 4 extra bits & encoded using the convolutional encoder.
 The convolutional encoder adds one redundancy bit for every bit
resulting to 378 bits {2(53+132+4=189) = 378}
 The 78 Class II bits (directly added since these bits are least sensitive
to error.

Page10 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

Interleaving

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

Interleaving

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Timing Advance (TA)

Timing Advance (TA):

• Timing Advance represents the distance of MS from BTS.
• Timing Advance (TA) ensures that the bursts from different mobile
stations arrive at the correct time, even if the distances between the
various MSs and the BTS are different.
Range – 0 to 63.
1 TA ≈ 554 m

Page13 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Frequency Hopping

Frequency Hopping:
• Defined as a sequential change of carrier frequency on the
radio link.
• Carrier frequency may be changed between each consecutive
TDMA frame.
• Significance of Hopping:
− Averages interference
− Minimizes effect of fading
− Increases cell Capacity
• Basically are of two types:
− Base Band Hopping
− Synthesizer or RF Hopping

Page14 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Frequency Hopping

Synthesizer or RF Frequency Hopping:

• In the synthesised frequency hopping all the TRXs except the
BCCH TRX change their frequency for every TDMA frame
according to the hopping sequence.
• The max number of frequencies to hop over is 64
• For frequency hopping operability, following set of parameters
has been introduced:
− Mobile Allocation (MA):
− Hopping Sequence Number (HSN):
− Mobile Allocation Index Offset (MAIO):

Page15 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Frequency Hopping
• Mobile Allocation (MA)
− Set of frequencies the mobile is allowed to hop over.
− MA is a subset of all the frequencies
− Can contain maximum 64 frequencies
• Hopping Sequence Number (HSN):
− Are the algorithms that determines the hopping order used
in the cell.
− 64 different HSNs are there ranging from 0 to 63
− HSN = 0 provides a cyclic hopping sequence
− HSN = 1 to 63 provide various pseudorandom hopping
sequences.
• Mobile Allocation Index Offset (MAIO):
− It indicates from which freq. of given MA list hopping has to
be started.
16 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009
 DTX
Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)

• DTX is a technique that reduces emissions from the MS by only

transmitting when information is to be sent.

• VAD (Voice Activity Detector), which detects the presence and absence of
speech

• When DTX is on SID (Silent Descriptor) Frames are send.

Page17 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 DTX
Full and Sub Measurement:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

T T T T T T T T T T T T S T T T T T T T T T T T T I

T T T T T T T T T T T T S T T T T T T T T T T T T I

T T T T T T T T T T T T S T T T T T T T T T T T T I

T T T T T T T T T T T T S T T T T T T T T T T T T I

1 SACCH Period = 104 TDMA Frames (480 ms)

Measurement is done over 100 TDMA Frames (100 TDMA Frame - 4 Idle Frames)

N N N N N N N N N N N N S N N N N N N N N N N N N I

N N N N N N N N N N N N S N N N N N N N N N N N N I

Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si N N N N S N N N N N N N N N N N N I

N N N N N N N N N N N N S N N N N N N N N N N N N I

Full measurement is done over 100 TDMA Frames (100 TDMA Frame - 4 Idle Frames)
Sub measurement is done over 12 TDMA Frames (8 SID + 4 SACCH Frames)
T = TCH S= SACCH I = IDLE N = No Speech Si = SID

18 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Power Control

Prolong battery life

Reduce network interference
Include both uplink power control and downlink power control
Level and quality are taken into account
BSC or BTS is the final adjudicator

Signal level

Target level value:

e.g. -85 dm

Time

Page19 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Contents

1. Overview
2. Processing of Voice Signal
3. Radio Channel

Page20 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

Band Use in GSM

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Frequency Division Multiple Access

• Is a channel access method wherein the

frequency is further divided so that multiple users
can access a system.
• Is used in GSM to allocate carriers with a
bandwidth of 200 kHz.

890 MHz 915 MHz

935 MHz 960 MHz

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Frequency Division Multiple Access

Basically these channels are pair of UL – DL radio

carrier and are known as ARFCN (Absolute Radio
Frequency Channel Number)

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 The Range of ARFCN
In 900 band is 1-124
In 1800 band is 512-885
The respective UL-DL frequencies of ARFCN are as below:

BAND ARFCN FREQ-UL FREQ-DL

1 890.2 935.2
2 890.4 935.4
900 3 890.6 935.6
4 890.8 935.8
N 890 + N x 0.2 [890 + N x 0.2] + 45
512 1710.2 1805.2
513 1710.4 1805.4
1800 514 1710.6 1805.6
515 1710.8 1805.8
N 1710.2 + (N-512) x 0.2 [1710.2 + (N-512) x 0.2] + 95

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Frame and Channel

Page25 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Definition of Logical Channel

TDMA FRAME
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3

200K
577 ms

Physical
Channel
Logical channel

Logical channel
different
Logical channel message
types
Logical channel

Logical channel

Page26 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Burst

• Access burst (AB): Used in MS initial access

Tail bit Data Tail bit Guard interval

8bit 41 synchronous 36 encrypted 3bit 68.25bit

bits bits

• Frequency correction burst (FB): Used in frequency synchronization

between MS and BTS
Guard
Tail bit Data Tail bit interval

3bit 142bit 3bit 8.25bit

• Synchronous burst (SB): Used in timing synchronization between MS and

BTS
Data Tail bit Guard
Tail bit Data interval
3bit 39 encrypted 39 encrypted 3bit 8.25bit
64 synchronous bits
bits bits

Page27 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Burst
• Normal burst (NB): Used to carry the information of the traffic channel
and the control channel except for RACH

Tail bit Data Training sequence Data Tail bit Guard interval

3bit 57 encrypted bits 1 26bit 1 57 encrypted bits 3bit 8.25bit

Frame
stealing
flag

• Dummy burst (DB): Used in transmission of filling frames by BTS at

timeslots when there is no information delivered
Guard
Tail bit Tail bit interval

3bit 142 modulation bits 3bit 8.25bit

Page28 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Logical Channel Type

Page29 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Downlink Logical Channel

FCCH
Common BCCH SCH
Channel BCCH

PCH
CCCH
AGCH

SDCCH
Dedicated DCCH SACCH
Channel FACCH

TCH/F
TCH
TCH/H

Page30 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Uplink Logical Channel

Common
channel
RACH CCCH

SDCCH
DCCH Dedicated
SACCH
channel
FACCH

TCH/F
TCH
TCH/H

Page31 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Use of Logical Channels

Power-on Search for frequency correction burst FCCH

Search for synchronous burst SCH
Listen to the system information BCCH
Idle mode
Monitor paging message PCH
Send access burst RACH
Allocate signaling channel AGCH

Dedicated mode Set up the call SDCCH

Allocate voice channel SDCCH
Conversation TCH
Release the call FACCH
Idle mode

Page32 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Frame

Page33 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Multiframe Structure

 Many frames combines together to form

Multiframe.

 Two types of multiframe are there:

− 51 frame multiframe (CCCH Multiframe)
− 26 frame multiframe (TCH Multiframe)

51 frame multiframe are of two types

− Combined Multiframe
− Non Combined Multiframe

34 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Combinations of Logical Channel

26-frame multi-frame
TCH/F+SACCH/F (full-rate TCH)
TCH/H+SACCH/H (half-rate TCH)

51-frames multi-frame
FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH (main BCCH)
FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH+SDCCH/4+SACCH/4 (combined
BCCH)
BCCH+CCCH (extended BCCH)
SDCCH/8+SACCH/8 (main SDCCH)

Page35 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Structure of Main BCCH
1 multi-frame (51TDMA Frames) 235.38ms Downlink
Group3,4
Group Group1 Group2 (same as Grpup5
Group2)

Channel F S BX4 CX4 F S CX4 CX4 …… F S CX4 CX4 I

Frame
0 1 2-5 6-9 10 11 12-15 16-19 20-39 40 41 42-45 46-49 50
Number

1 multi-frame (51TDMA Frames) 235.38ms Uplink

Channel R R R R R R R R R R R R R R……R R R R R

Frame
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13-46 47 48 49 50
Number

F:FCCH; S:SCH; B:BCCH; C:CCCH; R:RACH; I:IDLE

Page36 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Structure of Main BCCH
1 multi-frame (51TDMA Frames) 235.38ms Downlink

Group Group1 Group2 Group3 Group4 Grpup5

B C C C D0 D1 D2 D3 A0 A1
Channel F S × × F S × × F S × × F S × × F S × × I
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

B C C C D0 D1 D2 D3 A2 A3
Channel F S × × F S × × F S × × F S × × F S × × I
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Frame 12- 16- 22- 26- 32- 36- 42- 46-

0 1 2-5 6-9 10 11 20 21 30 31 40 41 50
Number 15 19 25 29 35 39 45 49

1 multi-frame (51TDMA Frames) 235.38ms Uplink

Channel D3×4 R R A2×4 A3×4 R……R D0×4 D1×4 R R D2×4

Channel D0×4 R R A0×4 A1×4 R……R D0×4 D1×4 R R D2×4

Frame
0-3 4 5 6-9 10-13 14-36 37-40 41-44 45 46 47-50
Number

F:FCCH; S:SCH; B:BCCH; C:CCCH; D:SDCCH ;A:SACCH; R:RACH; I:IDLE

Page37 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009
 Structure of Combination Frame-Main SDCCH

1 multi-frame (51TDMA Frames) 235.38ms Downlink

D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A0 A1 A2 A3
Channel I I I
×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4

D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A4 A5 A6 A7
Channel I I I
×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4

Frame 12- 16- 20- 24- 28- 32- 36- 40- 44-
0-3 4-7 8-11 48 49 50
Number 15 19 23 27 31 35 39 43 47

1 multi-frame (51TDMA Frames) 235.38ms Uplink

A5 A6 A7 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A0
Channel I I I
×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4

A1 A2 A3 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A4
Channel I I I
×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4

Frame 15- 19- 23- 27- 31- 35- 39- 43- 47-
0-3 4-7 8-11 12 13 14
Number 18 22 26 30 34 38 42 46 50

D:SDCCH; A:SACCH; I:IDLE

Page38 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

 Structure of Logical Channel Combination Frame-TCH

1 multi-frame (26TDMA Frames) 120ms

Channel T T T T T T T…T A T,,,T T T T T T T I

Frame
0 1 2 3 4 5 6…11 12 13…18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Number

T:TCH;A:SACCH; I:IDLE

Page39 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009

Questions

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2009