Chapter 4 Chemical Composition

Of The Cell

4.1 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Composed of one kind of atom.

Cannot be broken into simpler
Element substances.
Chemical Ex: Carbon (C), Oxygen (O),
Composition Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N).
Of The Cell
Chemical
Compound

Organic Inorganic
compound compound

Contains element carbon

No carbon

Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids Water

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Chapter 4 Chemical Composition
Of The Cell

Carbohydrates

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Chemical Composition Of The Cell

The Importance Of Carbohydrate In The Cells

Provide major source of energy.

To build cell walls in plant.

Carbohydrate
Carbohydrate
As food storage.

Build external skeletons of insects.

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Carbohydrates

Types
Typesof
ofcarbohydrates
carbohydrates

Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms is 2:1.

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

Monosaccharides are simple sugar such as glucose, fructose and galactose.

 Glucose.  Fructose.  Galactose.

 Found in plants and  Found in sweet  Present in milk.
fruit. fruits and honey.

Monosaccharide are reducing sugars and reducing agent.

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 REDUCING SUGAR

Sugar that can be oxidised

by oxidising agent are called
reducing sugar

Can be detected by using

benedict’s solution
(oxidising agent)

Deep blue  brick red

precipitate
Oxidizing agent

•Benedict’s solution
(deep blue  brick red precipitate)
•Fehling’s solution
(deep blue  brick red precipitate)
•Tollen’s solution
(colourless  silver mirror forms)
 Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Carbohydrates

Complex sugars with general formula C12H22O11.

Two monosaccharides combined together through

condensation.

Condensation involves removal of water molecule

during formation of disaccharides.
Disaccharides
Examples: Maltose, sucrose and lactose.

Can be broken down into monosaccharides by

hydrolysis (addition of water).

Maltose and lactose are reducing sugar.

Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar.

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Carbohydrates

The Formation and Breakdown of Disaccharides

Condensation
1 Glucose + glucose Maltose + water
1
Hydrolysis

Condensation
2 Glucose + fructose Sucrose + water
2
Hydrolysis

Condensation
3 Glucose + galactose Lactose + water
3
Hydrolysis

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell

Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides

Polymers with combination of many

monosaccharides to form a long chain of
molecules.

Insoluble in water, do not taste sweet and do not

crystallize.

Can be broken into smaller molecules through

hydrolysis.

Examples of polysaccharides are:

 Starch
Made up from
 Glycogen hundreds or
 Cellulose
thousands of glucose

ITeach – Biology Form 4

 The coiled
structure of starch

Cellulose chain line

up side by side

Highly branched
of glycogen