Threats to World Peace

• End of WWI sets stage for WWII

• Treaty of Versailles
– France gained land from Germany (Coal)
– Poland become Independent / Polish Corridor
– German and Turkish colonies given to the
allies.
– Czechoslovakia becomes independent.
– Austria-Hungary becomes independent.
– Yugoslavia created.
• Treaty of Versailles
1. Must have less than 100,000 man army
2. Navy could not have more than 36 ships and
no submarines.
3. Not allowed an air force.
4. Banned Union with Austria.
5. Germany had to accept guilt.
6. Germany had to pay an undetermined
amount of reparations.
• Germany lost 13% of its land
• 12% of its people
• 48% of its iron resources
• 15% of it agricultural
• production and 10% of it coal.
• The Germans who signed it were called
the 'November Criminals'.
 Peace Conferences
• The Washington Conference
– Five Power Treaty
• 10 year naval holiday
– Nine Power Pact
• All agreed to take no more territory from
China.
• Kellogg-Briand Pact
– Makes war illegal, but does not specify how to
prevent it or enforce it.
 Germany 1920’s
• 1921 Adolf Hitler becomes leader of the
Nationalist Socialist Party (Nazi).
• 1923 Hitler’s Beer Hall Putsch.
– Hitler’s attempt to take over the
government.
– Kidnapped officials
• 1925 Mein Kampf
– Book written when he was in jail.
• Hermann Goring
– Leader of the German Luftwaffe
– Highest ranking General
• Heinrich Himmler
– Leader of the SS
• Joseph Gobbels
– Propaganda minister
 Italy 1920’s
• Italy snubbed by allies.
– Lost 600,000 men
– Didn’t gain any former German colonies
or Ottoman land.
– Unemployment exhausted by returning
soldiers.
• Benito Mussolini
– Newspaper editor and WWI veteran.
• Fascism – according to Mussolini, the state is absolute
and the people are relative.
– Strong party should run the government.
– Democracies are inefficient and create corruption.
– State controlled economics instead of laissez faire
– Domestic Policy – citizens are basically slaves to the
state.
– Foreign Policy – National glory through expansion.
 Spain pre 1940’s

• Agricultural / lacked industry

• Nobility controlled the government
– Constitutional Monarchy
– Catholic Church educational system
• Politics.
– Strikes / assassinations / military plots
– General Rivera led military dictatorship
• King Alfonso was the figurehead / they both
lost military support.
 Spain in transition

• Government took lands

• Government took over education
• Worker benefits / shorter hours / workers
have voice
• Conservatives did not want change
 Nationalist vs. Loyalist
• Communists and Socialists won elections
• Falange / Nationalist
– Terrorist acts
– Falange leader assassinated
– Resulted in uprisings
• Civil War broke out
 Turmoil in Spain
• Loyalist held the South / Loyal to the republic
• Nationalist held the North
– Francisco Franco
• Germany and Italy aided the Nationalist
• Russia, Britain, France, and U.S. aided the Loyalists
– International Brigade
• Soviet Union helped Loyalists
– Many Europeans were scared of war
• would spread so they started blockades to
stop flow of aid to both sides
• It only cut off Loyalists, Germany and Spain
still assisted Franco and Nationalists
• Mussolini and Hitler saw this as another
example that democracies did not have the
stomach for another war.
 Nationalist & Franco
• Franco established fascist dictatorship
– Assumed title of Caudillo (leader)
– The Falange was the only party permitted.
– Abolished elections and civil rights
– Reinstated power of Army, Nobles, and
Church
• Didn’t join Axis Powers
– Country devastated from civil war
 Japan 1920’s
• Japan was ruled by a
Living God
– Emperor Hirohito
• Military
– Hideki Tojo
• Need for Expansion
– Japanese Industry grew during WWI.
• Lacked natural resources.
– Population drastically increased.
– Bushido
• 19th century term for Military Nationalism.
– Amau Doctrine – Asian Monroe Doctrine.
• China was in a civil
war.
– Japanese wanted
to keep their
interests in
Manchuria.
• Some wanted to
expand through
military force.
• Others wanted a political solution.
–The Prime Minister was one of these.
–The Military Extremist assassinated him
and invaded Manchuria.
–A bomb exploded on a Japanese
Railway.
»Japan claimed it was the work of
Chinese terrorist.
Between the wars
 1931
• Manchuria was renamed Manchukuo
– Last Chinese Emperor Pu’i becomes puppet.
– The League of Nations doesn’t recognize the
nation
– Japan withdraws from the League of Nations.
 1933
• European Theater
– Germany
• Adolf Hitler elected Chancellor of Germany
• One month later the Reichstag burns
–Communist are blamed.
–First Concentration camp is opened.
–Enabling Act
»Gives Hitler dictatorial powers
• Jews barred from civil service
• Law passed to Sterilize Gypsies and
disabled
• Jewish children prohibited from
participating in extracurricular activities
• Germany quits the League of Nations
• Pacific Theater
– Japan
• Japan pressured to leave Manchuria
• Japan leaves the League of Nations
• League is unable to stop Japan
 1934
• European Theater
– Germany
• The Nazi “Night of the Long Knives”
• President Hindenburg dies
– Hitler becomes the Fuhrer
 1935
• Hitler violates the Treaty of Versailles
– Introduces military conscription
• Nuremberg Race Laws
– Jews are stripped of citizenship
– Made Jews lower class citizens
– Purify Aryan Race
 1936
• European Theater
– Germany
• Olympic games held in Berlin.
– Anti Jewish signs removed until games are
completed.
–Jessie Owens
• Hitler reoccupies the Rhineland.
– Italy
• Mussolini’s forces take Ethiopia.
 1937
• Pacific Theater
– Japan
• Japanese forces invade China
• China in midst of Civil War
–Chang Kai Shek vs. Mao Zedong
• Rape of Nanking
–300,000 murdered
–Shocked the World
War in China
 1938
• European Theater
– Germany
• Anschluss
(union) with
Austria
Anschluss
– British Prime Minister
Neville Chamberlain
• Munich Conference
– Appeasement
– Sudetenland
given to Hitler
– German troops occupy
the Sudetenland
– Kristallnacht
– All Jewish children expelled from school.
– Decrees ban Jews from public streets and
drivers license
– Jews must sell business and property and
give securities to the government at low
prices.
 1939
• Germany
– Czech government resigns and
Czechoslovakia is occupied.
– Pact of Steel
• Germany and Italy
– Nonaggression Pact
• Germany and USSR
– Nazis and Russians invade Poland
• September 1, 1939
Invasion of Poland
– The “Phony War”
• Sitzkreig
• British Commonwealth and France declare
war on Germany.
– Nazis begin killing sick and disabled
– Jews are forced to turn in radios, cameras,
and electronic devices.
– Jews rationing coupons are cut.
• Could not receive meat, milk, etc.
• United States
– Declares neutrality
– Battle of the Atlantic Begins
• 1939 to 1945
• Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Irish Sea, Gulf of
Mexico.
• Enigma
• U-Boats
• U.S. Liberty Ships
 1940
• European Theater
– Germany
• Nazis invade Denmark and Norway
– Collaborators
• Nazis invade France and Benelux
• Battle of Dunkirk
– British, Belgian, and French forces completely
defeated.
– 340,000 British and French evacuate
– Field Marshal Von Rundstedt
» Ghost divisions (Blitzkrieg)
• Germans enter Paris
– Marshal Petain surrenders.
– Vichy Government formed.
Dunkirk
– British response/Never Surrender
– France
• French Resistance
– Charles De Gaulle
– Poland
• Lodz ghetto sealed off imprisoning 164,000 Jewish
people.
– 6 months later Chelmno death camp opened near Lodz
• Warsaw ghetto closed off with 500,000 inhabitants.
Radar
– Battle of Britain Begins
• Operation Sea Lion
–Luftwaffe
»Hermann Goring
»Messerschmitt
–RAF
»Hugh Dowding
»Spitfire (tighter turns)
»Radar
The Blitz
 Battle of Britain
• WWll in Colour-The Battle of Britain and
the Blitz Over London - YouTube
– Italy
• Invasion of Egypt
• Invasion of Greece
– Axis Pact
• Japan, Germany, and Italy
• Also Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria
• Finland – Winter War
 1941
• North African
– British forces push out
by Italians
– Bernard Montgomery
– Erwin Rommel and
Afrika Korps
• European Theater
– Nazis take over Yugoslavia, Greece, Romania, and
Hungary.
– Operation Barbarossa begins
• German Army separated into
– Army Group North (Baltic States)
– Army Group Center (Heart of Russia)
– Army Group South (Ukraine and Caucuses)
• Casualties and losses
German Soviet
250,000 killed 802,191 killed
500,000 wounded 3,000,000 wounded
25,000 missing 3,300,000 captured
2,093 aircraft destroyed 21,200 aircraft destroyed
2,758 tanks lost 20,500 tanks lost
– SS- Einsatzgruppen
• Death Squads
• Division of SS tasked with mass killings
• Under command of Reinhard Heydrich
– Ukraine
• 34,000 Jews are murdered at Bani Yar near Keiv
– Stalin uses Scorched Earth Policy
– Georing instructs Heydrich to prepare Final
Solution.
– Jews are forced to wear yellow star.
– 1st gas chamber opens at Auschwitz.
• United States
– Roosevelt signs Lend
Lease Act.
– German, Italian, and
Japanese asset
seized.
– Relations are
suspended.
– Oil embargo of
aggressors begins.
• European Theater
– German forces move toward Moscow
– German forces move through Ukraine,
Crimea, and the Caucuses.
• Pacific Theater
– United States
• Dec, 7th Pearl Harbor
–In the days that followed
»Japan invades the Philippines, Guam,
Burma, British Borneo, Hong Kong,
and Dutch East Indies.
• U.S. and Britain declare war on Japan.
Pearl Harbor
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cWvaIe
00sPU
– Pearl Harbor
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VqQAf
74fsE&feature=related
– Roosevelt Speech
 1942
• United States
– Japanese Americans sent to relocation
centers.
– 1st atomic reactor in Chicago.
• European Theater
– “Final Solution”
– Mass murder of Jews by Gassing begins
– Deportation of Jews from Ghettos.
– Battle of Stalingrad
• begins late summer 1942
– What problem will they have ???
• Volga River runs through city
• Field Marshal Friederich Paulus
–Encircled city
–Luftwaffe bombings
• Turning point of European War
• North Africa
– Operation Torch
• Churchill advocated invasion of the Soft under
belly of the Axis.
• For two years Stalin begged for Allies to open a
second front.
• Dwight D. Eisenhower and George Patton
– Battle of El Alamein
• Montgomery defeats Rommel
• Pacific Theater
– Philippines
• Captured by Japanese
– Douglas McArthur appointed commander of
Southwest Pacific Theater
– Admiral Chester Nimitz Commander of U.S.
Pacific fleet.
– Bataan Death March begins
• 76,000 surrendered
U.S. War Effort
– Doolittle Raids
• James Doolittle
• B-25’s
• Bomb home
island of Japan
with incendiary
• What problem
will they
have???
– Battle of Coral Sea
– Why the Coral Sea?
• Japan wanted to invade Australia
• Australia was the only Ally stronghold in south
Pacific
• Completely fought with airplanes
• Japan wanted to isolate Australia
• Others wanted to destroy American carriers
– Invasion of New Guinea had begun when the U.S.S.
Hornet and Enterprise launched Doolittle raid.
– Some forces continued in New Guinea while Yomamoto
attacked Midway.
• Allies defeat Japanese and halt expansion.
– Battle of Midway
• Chester Nimitz
– 3 carriers
– Knew about attack and waited to ambush
– U.S.S. Yorktown
• Admiral Yamamoto
– 4 carriers
– Attacked American island of Midway
• Turning point of the Pacific War
• Battle of Guadalcanal
– Why Guadalcanal?
– Admiral Halsey v. Yomamoto
– Island Hopping
– Battle lasted 6 months
– Important airfields
– U.S. marines stranded after naval battle
– First captured Japanese held territory
Guadalcanal
 1943
• European Theater
– Casablanca Conference
• Unconditional surrender of Axis Powers
• Open new front in Italy Instead of Balkans
– Betrayal of the West
– German forces withdrawal from Caucuses.
– Soviets begin offensive against Stalingrad.
• January Georgy Zhukov pincer movement
• Surrounded German Army
– Paulus surrenders to Soviets at Stalingrad.
• No cold weather equipment
• Supply lines were cut
• Hitler ordered Paulus to fight to the last
man
• 8th Army lost.
–95,000 surrender
–5,000 return home ten years after wars
end
Stalingrad
Stalingrad and Crimea
– Warsaw Ghetto uprising.
• Warsaw Ghettos liquidated.
– Russians retake the Ukraine.
– Largest air raids on Berlin.
• Italian Peninsula
• Operation Husky
– Allies land in Sicily
• Eisenhower v. Kesselring
• Axis had twice as many troops
– Mainly Italian forces
• George Patton
– Race to Messina
– Mussolini arrested and Italian Fascist government
fails.
– Italians surrender to Allies.
 – Germans occupy Rome and rescue Mussolini.
– Mussolini reestablishes government.
• Pacific Theater
– Allies capture New Georgia, New Guinea, and
Solomon Islands
– Tarawa in the Gilbert Islands
1. 146 of 5,000 Japanese surrender
2. First movie pictures show dead American Soldiers
– War bond drive extremely successful
Tarawa
 1944
• European Theater
– Soviet Troops advance into Poland.
– Italy
• Allies land at Anzio
– Kesselring created the Gustav Line
– Allies had to push up the Italian Peninsula
– Allies attacked behind the Gustav Line
• Battle of Monte Cassino
• Allies enter Rome.
– France
• Dwight D Eisenhower supreme allied commander
• June 6, D-Day
– Largest invasion fleet ever
– Rommel
– Gold, Juno, Sword, Omaha, and Utah
– Mulberry Harbor
Normandy
• Battle of
Hedgerows Begins
– Breakout from
Normandy
– https://www.youtube.com/results?searc
h_query=Band+of+Brothers+battle+of+
brecourt+manor

– “Redball
Express”
• Liberation of Paris.
• U.S. Forces reach
the Siegfried Line.
• Operation Market
Garden.
– Bernard
Montgomery’s plan
– Attack German
occupied lowlands
– Using Paratroopers
– Failure
• Battle of the Bulge.
– Bradley and Patton v. Model (Yodel) and
Rundstedt
– Last German Offensive of War
– Attempt to drive Allies out and capture fuel
depots
– Ardennes forest
» Coldest winter in centuries
– Malmedy Massacre
– Bastogne
– Hungary
• 430,000 Jews sent to Aushwitz
– Anne Frank arrested in Holland.
• Pacific Theater
– U.S. captures the Marshal Islands
– The “Marianas Turkey Shoot”
• Battle of Philippine Sea
– Battle of Leyte Gulf
• Kamikaze
• Japanese Navy crushed
 1945
• European Theater
– Nazis empty death camps and begin “death
marches”
– Yalta Conference
• The Big Three
– Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin.
• Division of Europe
– Democratization
– German Demilitarization and Denazification
– Soviet Union will join the United Nations
– Soviets reach Berlin in April
– Mussolini is hanged
Yalta Conference
– Hitler commits Suicide
– May 8, V-E Day
– Potsdam Conference
• Truman, Atlee, and Stalin.
• Occupation zones
– Nuremberg Trials
• United States
– United Nations created in San Francisco
– First Atomic Bomb tested
• Robert Oppenhiemer
– Roosevelt dies
– Truman
• Only in White House 6 months
• Pacific Theater
– Battle Iwo Jima
• General Kirabyashi
• Mount Hot Rocks
– Mount Suribachi
Iwo Jima
• Battle of Okinawa
– Invasion of Japanese
Mainland
– Bloodiest U.S. battle
– Liberation of Philippines
– U.S. Commanders
• Nimitz and McArthur
• McArthur returns
Philippines
– Hiroshima
• Enola Gay
• Little Boy
– Nagasaki
• Fat Man
– Sept 2, V-J Day
• U.S.S. Missouri
A - Bomb
Surrender
– McArthur
• Occupation of
Japan
 USSR US Britain Japan Germany Italy
Tanks 105K 88K 28K 2.5K 67K 2.5K
Artillery 516K 257K 124K 13K 159K 7K
Trucks 197K 2.4Mil 480K 165K 345K 83K
Fighters 63K 100K 50K 30K 55K 4.5K
Bombers 21K 97K 35K 15K 18K 2K
Carriers 2 22 14 16
Battleships 8 5 2 2 3
Subs 52 203 203 28 1,141 28
Soldiers KIA 8-10M 416K 383K 2.1M 5.5M 301K
Civilians 14M 1K 67K 1M 3M 145K

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visualized_n_7526390.html?ncid=txtlnkusaolp00000592