POLITICAL

ORGANIZATION
AND
SOCIAL ORDER
MONOLINGUALISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY

 Cross-cultural misunderstanding can occur whenever

people from different cultural background get
together.

 In February 2004 in the Portland, Oregon,

Airport, seven members of the Moroccan
Parliament were detained for several hours by
employees of the transportation Security
Administration (TSA) due to an unintentional
language mix-up.
 Every society must make collective decisions about
its environment and its relations with other
societies and about how to maintain social order.

 Political leaders such as presidents, governors,

mayors, and commissioners.
 Legislative bodies ranging from smallest town council

to the congress.
 Formal Judicial institutions that comprise municipal,

state and supreme courts.

 Law enforcement bodies such as police department,

national guard unit and the armed forces.

 Political parties, nominating conventions, and secret-
ballot Voting.
TYPES OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

 BAND SOCIETIES
 TRIBAL SOCIETIES

 STATE SOCIETIES

 CLASS SOCIETIES

 CASTE SOCIETIES

 THE MODERN NATION-STATE

BAND SOCIETIES

 Characterized by small and usually nomadic

populations of food collectors.
 They have no concept of individual property
ownership of land and high value on sharing,
cooperation, and reciprocity.
 It is the oldest form of political organization.

 Leadership roles in band societies tend to be very

informal. Leaders in band societies are often, but
not always older men who are respected for their
experience, wisdom, good judgment and
knowledge of hunting.
TRIBAL SOCIETIES

 Found most often among food producers

(horticulturalist and pastoralist)
 Population are larger, denser and somewhat more
sedentary than bands.
 Have local leaders but no centralized leadership.

 A leader recognized by virtue of certain personality

traits such as wisdom, integrity, intelligence, and
concern for the welfare of others.
CHIEFDOMS
 Political authority is likely to reside
with a single individual, acting alone
or in conjunction with an advisory
council.
 Chiefdoms are made up of local
communities that differ from one
another in rank and status.
 Leaders attained their status by
power, wealth and blood.
 Chiefs have authority to distribute
land to loyal subjects, recruit people
into military service, and assign
laborers to public works projects.
 Subjects give food surpluses to the
chief and the chief redistribute
through communal feasts and doles.
 THE PRE-COLONIAL HAWAIIAN POLITICAL
SYSTEM OF THE 18TH CENTURY

 Ali’i- major chiefs believed to be direct

descendants of the gods.
 Echelon- less important chiefs- a distant relative
of Ali’i.
 Maka’ainana- commoners

Elman Service(1975)
STATE SOCIETIES
CLASS SOCIETIES

 Segment of a population whose members share

similar lifestyles and levels of wealth, power, and
prestige.
 The united states is a good example of a class
society. In some areas of the United states, such
as coal mining towns in Appalachia.
CASTE SOCIETIES
 Membership in castes is
unchangeable, people in
different castes are segregated
from one another social
mobility is virtually
nonexistent, and marriage
between members if different
castes is strictly prohibited.
 Social stratification in India
 Brahmins- priest and scholar
 Kshatriyas- warriors
 Vaishyas- tradesmen
 Shudras- servants
 Untouchable- outcast, cleaning
latrines or leather working
THE MODERN NATION-STATE
 The modern nation or country as the
typical unit of political organization in the
world.
 Claims authority to govern the people who
live within its territory.
 Carries out agreements in other nation-
state and cooperate to each other.
 Humanitarian Aid
 Trade

 Diplomacy

 Treats and agreements

 Military force
 Thank You
For
Listening
“There is only one rule for being a good
talker-learn to listen ”