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Technologies Characterization
What is it?
Free Space Measurement Systems
Calibration
Measurement Results
Important for:
Circuit design
Military Applications
Car Radar Applications
New Materials Research
Incoming Inspection
Quality Assurance
Health and Safety
and more…
GP-IB or LAN
85071E Materials
Measurement Software
With Option 100
Free Space Calibration Sample holder
fixtured between two antennae
Lens
Incident
Lens
Incident
Reflected
Lens
Incident
Reflected
Lens
Incident
Transmitted
Reflected
MUT
Reflected
SOURCE
MUT
Reflected
SOURCE
SIGNAL
SEPARATION
MUT
Reflected
SOURCE
SIGNAL
SEPARATION
INCIDENT REFLECTED
(R) (A)
RECEIVER / DETECTOR
MUT
Reflected
SOURCE
SIGNAL
SEPARATION
RECEIVER / DETECTOR
MUT
Reflected
SOURCE
SIGNAL
SEPARATION
RECEIVER / DETECTOR
PROCESSOR / DISPLAY
Reflected Transmitted
= S11 = S21
Incident Incident
er and mr
Nicolson-Ross S11,S21,S12,S22
Fast S21,S12 er
Calibration is required!
Thru
Reflect
Match
Thru
Line
(empty fixture)
Reflect
(metal plate of
known thickness)
1 S21 Tt
Tr S12
•Coax or Waveguide 2-port Cal corrects errors from end of cable back into
the instrument.
1 S21 Tt
Tr S12
•Coax or Waveguide 2-port Cal corrects errors from end of cable back into
the instrument.
1 S21 Tt
Tr S12
•Coax or Waveguide 2-port Cal corrects errors from end of cable back into
the instrument.
1 S21 Tt
Tr S12
•Coax or Waveguide 2-port Cal corrects errors from end of cable back into
the instrument.
•Errors from Antennas and Fixture can be thought of as being lumped into
a GRL error adapter.
•The GRL error adapter is quantified by measurements of reflect and line
standards.
gate
Transmitting
Antenna
Receiving
Antenna
Air
1 S21 Tt
Tr S12
•Coax or Waveguide 2-port Cal corrects errors from end of cable back into
the instrument.
•Errors from Antennas and Fixture can be thought of as being lumped into
a GRL error adapter.
•The GRL error adapter is quantified by measurements of reflect and line
standards.
•The original 2-port Cal is modified to correct for the error adapter.
1 S21 Tt
Tr S12
•Coax or Waveguide 2-port Cal corrects errors from end of cable back into
the instrument.
•Errors from Antennas and Fixture can be thought of as being lumped into
a GRL error adapter.
•The GRL error adapter is quantified by measurements of reflect and line
standards.
•The original 2-port Cal is modified to correct for the error adapter.
Close Up
Powder in Tray Placed
Between Antennae
Bio-dielectrics: Theories, Mechanisms,
Applications, Stamford Hall, Leicester, UK
Free Space 75 – 110GHz Standard Gain Horn System
2.55
2.54
2.53
2.52
e'
2.51
2.5
2.49
2.48
2.47
7.500E+10 8.000E+10 8.500E+10 9.000E+10 9.500E+10 1.000E+11 1.050E+11 1.100E+11
frequency (hz)
Std Gain Horn QO table Linear (QO table)
0.02
0.015
0.01
e"
0.005
0
7.500E+10 8.000E+10 8.500E+10 9.000E+10 9.500E+10 1.000E+11 1.050E+11 1.100E+11
-0.005
-0.01
-0.015
-0.02
frequency (hz)
Std Gain Horn QO table Linear (QO table)
J. Baker-Jarvis, M.D. Janezic, R.F. Riddle, R.T. Johnk, P. Kabos, C. Holloway, R.G. Geyer, C.A. Grosvenor, “Measuring the
Permittivity and Permeability of Lossy Materials: Solids, Liquids, Metals, Building Materials, and Negative-Index Materials,” NIST
Technical Note 15362005
“Test methods for complex permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of solid electrical insulating materials at microwave frequencies and
temperatures to 1650°, ” ASTM Standard D2520, American Society for Testing and Materials
Janezic M. and Baker-Jarvis J., “Full-wave Analysis of a Split-Cylinder Resonator for Nondestructive Permittivity Measurements,”
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques vol. 47, no. 10, Oct 1999, pg. 2014-2020
J. Krupka , A.P. Gregory, O.C. Rochard, R.N. Clarke, B. Riddle, J. Baker-Jarvis, “Uncertainty of Complex Permittivity
Measurement by Split-Post Dielectric Resonator Techniques,” Journal of the European Ceramic Society
No. 10, 2001, pg. 2673-2676
“Basics of Measureing the Dielectric Properties of Materials”. Agilent application note. 5989-2589EN, April 28, 2005
Rexolite
expected
value
e’ = 2.53
•Section
• •Title• Agilent Technical Forum
Free Space Materials Characterization
Page 45 15 October 2008
GRL Cal – System Considerations
Metal Plate
Empty Fixture
• Choose Number of
points to Avoid Aliasing
Minumum Number of Points =
Receiving
1 + Range * (Stop Frequency – Antenna
Start Frequency)
Where Range is the needed
alias free range in Seconds
Transmitting
Antenna
20nS
MUT
O21 S21 T12
Six Unknowns
After O11 and T11 are embedded into the original 2-Port calibration.
MUT
O21 S21 T12
Four Unknowns
O21 = O12 T21 = T12
O22 T22
MUT
P11 = P22 = -1 O21 S21 T12
O 21O12
plate_1
1 O 22
T21T12
plate_2
1 T22
A11=A22=0
MUT
O21 S21 T12
A21 = A12 = e j e ud
O22 S11 S22 T22
= frequency
e= permittivity of air O12 S12 T21
m= permeability of air.
d= thickness of the metal plate