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ECE-695
Mobile Wireless Networks

Vamshi Nadipelli
Preethi Tiwari
  




0 A sensor network is a collection of sensor nodes

equipped with sensing, communication (short range

radio) and processing capabilities.

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- Dntroduction
- The System
- Areas of Application
Challenges
Technical
System
Conclusion

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- Chain Home 3 ritain¶s Radar Network WWDD
- Cold War:
› ›
› * The Pacific Ocean
N  * Cheyenne Mountain
- National Power Grid
- Dnvolves
Devices with multiple sensors
Network via wireless/physical links

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Network
Technology

Computational Sensor
Power
Network
Sensor
Technology

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- Sensor Node Dnternals

- Operating System

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CPU

POWER
SUPPLY
 
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SENSOR COMMUNDCATDON Ô 

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- Custom built at UC, erkeley for wireless
sensor nodes
- Component3based architecture: ensures
minimum code size
- Component library includes:
Network protocols
Sensor drivers
Data acquisition tools
Distributed services

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- order Monitoring
- attlefield Observation
- Forest Fire Detection
- Environment and Habitat Monitoring
- Dnfrastructure security
- Dndustrial sensing
- Medical Applications

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- Most widely cited application
US3Mexico order (3100 km)
Requires Full length Surveillance
- Detection can be based on
sound or vibration
With in a range of 10m
- Estimated need of 440,000
sensors
Air dropped biannually (battery life
6months)
- Not cost effective
- Should distinguish humans from
wild animals
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- Observing enemy activities in a battle field.
 Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
 Coverage problem (limited radio range)
 10,000 nodes were required to monitor just 1 square
kilometer
 For large areas:
cost
Many nodes implies large number of UAV¶s operating
simultaneously.

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- A sensor network is more feasible as an early warning system for

forests.

- Carefully placing nodes (close to vulnerable areas such as hilltops)

- Reduce the number of sensors required to cover a large geographic

area.

- Dmportant aspect is lifetime

- Must operate for a very long period of time to discover a

comparatively rare event

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Nodes are subjected to random failures

0 Due to battery exhaustion

0 Disorientation of antennas (falling branches, wind etc)

So, Networks relay messages hop by hop failure of several

closely spaced nodes could partition the network into non
communicating subnetworks

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 Environment and Habitat Monitoring

0Environmental monitoring involves collecting readings over time across a

volume of large space enough to exhibit significant internal variation.

0Environmental sensors are used to monitor relative humidity, barometric

pressure and temperature.

0They study vegetation responses related to climatic trends and diseases

Whereas the imaging sensors can identify, track and measure the population
of birds and other species.

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- Monitoring nesting

- Large number of
burrows.

- Long time observation

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- Over 100 sensor

nodes.
- Long term observation

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- Migration pattern of zebras
- They generally move in wide area
- Long term observation

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- Sensors were integrated on
to the zebra¶s neck.
- Consisted of 2 radios.
- Long range (base station)
- Short range (neighbors)
- These were used to monitor
the heart beat, body
temperature and frequency
of feeding

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 Dnfrastructure Security

ë Early detection of chemical, biological and nuclear threats.

0 Protection of power plants and communication centers.

0 Networks of video, acoustic and other sensors are deployed around these
facilities.

0 When compared to Fixed sensors, Ad hoc networks can provide more

flexibility and additional coverage.

0 MULTDPLE SENSORS provide Dmproved coverage, detection, and reduced

false alarm rate.

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Goals of commercial industry

0Lower cost
0Dmproved performance
0Maintainability
0Dt involves continuous monitoring of vibrations, lubrication levels and inserting
sensors into regions inaccessible by humans.

0Spectral and Optical sensors are generally used in industrial applications

because inputs from hundreds or thousands of sensors can be fed into the
databases that can be accessed in any number of ways to show the real time
information (called MULTDPODNT OR MATRD
SENSDNG).

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Medical applications

- Heart rate
- Oxygen saturation
- Enhances emergency
medical care.

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- Power
- Communication
- Hostile Environments
- Cost

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- Node failures

- Dntroduction of additional nodes variations in sensor location

- Changes to cluster allocations in response to network demands

requires the adaptability of underlying network structures and
operations.

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- To support high level services and real3time operation

(to adapt rapidly to changes in network conditions).

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- To minimize cost, power and network traffic loads

- Ensuring network reliability and adequate sensor resolution for data

accuracy.

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- Power, Memory, processing power, life3time. These physical constraints
may be minimized through further technological breakthroughs in
materials and sensor hardware designs.

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- Dndividual sensors are unreliable, particularly in harsh and unpredictable
environments.
- Addressing sensor reliability can reduce the level of redundancy
required for a network to operate with the same level of reliability.

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- The quantity of data gathered may exceed the requirements of the
network and so evaluation of the data and transmission of only relevant
and adequate information needs to be performed.

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- Ability to adapt to dynamic environments as well as ad hoc distribution

and connectivity scenarios.

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- This functionality is desired in order to minimize further human

interaction beyond network deployment.

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- Dt is a critical factor in sensor networks.

- An effective compromise must be obtained, between the low bandwidth

requirements of sensor network applications and security demands.

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- Sensor networks are application specific

- Key application characteristics

Lifetime, cost, data rate, environment, network
topology, user interaction

- Must address the system aspects of wireless sensor

network design

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ESTD
S

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