starter

-B. Prasad
Chartered
Engineer
Necessity of starter
 At starting ,the speed of motor is zero so that
the back e.m.f. In the armature is zero.
 Armature resistance is so low, if it is connected

to power supply directly ; huge current will

pass thru armature.
 The huge current may damage the machine,
major heat, very high speed in case of DC
series motor.
 Ia = V/Ra
 Function of starter
 Start and stop the motor.
 Limit inrush current where necessary.
 Permit automatic control when required
 Protect motor and other connected equipments from
over voltage, no voltage, under voltage, single
phasing etc.
Motor Starter Features.
 Rated by current (amperes) or power (horsepower)
 Remote ON/OFF control
 Motor overload protection
 Starting and stopping (electrical life)
 Plugging and jogging (rapid making and breaking
current)
 Type of starter
for DC Motor
 Two point starter for DC series motor
 Three point starter for shunt motor
 Four point starter for compound motor

For AC Motor
 DOL Starter

 Star-Delta

 Auto-transformer

 Variable Frequency drive

Wiring Diagram of DOL Starter:
Motor Starting Characteristics on DOL Starter:

 Available starting current: 100%.

 Peak starting current: 6 to 8 Full Load
Current.
 Peak starting torque: 100%
Advantages of DOL Starter:
 Most Economical and Cheapest Starter
 Simple to establish, operate and maintain
 Simple Control Circuitry
 Easy to understand and trouble‐shoot.
 It provides 100% torque at the time of starting.
 Only one set of cable is required from starter to
motor.
 Motor is connected in delta at motor terminals.
Disadvantages of DOL Starter:
 It does not reduce the starting current of the motor.
 High Starting Current: Very High Starting Current
(Typically 6 to 8 times the FLC of the motor).
 Mechanically Harsh: Thermal Stress on the motor,
thereby reducing its life.
 Voltage Dip: There is a big voltage dip in the
electrical installation
 High starting Torque: Unnecessary high starting
torque, even when not required by the load.
 Suitability

DOL is Suitable for:

 Small water pumps, compressors, fans and
conveyor belts.
 Motor rating up to 5.5KW
DOL is not suitable for:
 The peak starting current would result in a serious
voltage drop on the supply system
 Motor rating above 5.5KW
 Star delta starter
 Most induction motors are started directly on line,
but when very large motors are started that way,
they cause a disturbance of voltage on the supply
lines due to large starting current surges.
 To limit the starting current surge, large induction
motors are started at reduced voltage and then
have full supply voltage reconnected when they run
up to near rotated speed.
Star-Delta Connection in transformer
Star-Delta Connection in motor
Star delta power circuit
Star delta control circuit
Motor Starting Characteristics of Star-Delta
Starter:

 Available starting current: 33% Full Load

Current.
 Peak starting current: 1.3 to 2.6 Full Load
Current.
 Peak starting torque: 33% Full Load
Torque.
Advantages of Star-Delta starter:
 The operation of the star-delta method is
simple and rugged
 It is relatively cheap compared to other

reduced voltage methods.

 Good Torque/Current Performance.

 It draws 2 times starting current of the full load

ampere of the motor connected

Disadvantages of Star-Delta starter:

 Low Starting Torque, only 33% starting torque

 Break In Supply – Possible Transients
 Six Terminal Motor Required (Delta Connected).
 It requires 2 set of cables from starter to motor.
 The delta of motor is formed in starter and not on motor terminals.
 Applications with a load torque higher than 50 % of the motor
rated torque will not be able to start using the start-delta starter.
 Low Starting Torque: reduction of the line voltage by a factor of
1/√3 (57.7%) to the motor and the current is reduced to 1/3 of the
current at full voltage, but the starting torque is also reduced 1/3 to
1/5 of the DOL starting torque .
Reversing of Direction
 Variable frequency drive (VFD)

 A variable-frequency drive (VFD), also termed

adjustable-frequency drive, variable speed drive,
AC drive, micro drive or inverter drive is a type of
adjustable-speed drive used in electro-mechanical
drive systems.
 It controls AC motor speed and torque by varying
motor input frequency and voltage.
 Principle of VFD
 Variable frequency Drive, principle of the same is
by regulating the frequency, we can regulate the
speed of drive
Example - n=120f/p
 Where,

 n - speed

 f - frequency

 p – nos. of poles
VFD flow diagram
VFD 3-phase power conversion
 Application
 Cane Carrier Drive,
 Feeder Table Drive,
 Milling Plant Drive,
 Raw juice Pumps,
 Sulphited Juice Pumps,
 Molasses Pumps,
 Injection Pumps,
 Cooling Tower Pumps and
 Centrifugals for a Sugar Curing and Chemical
Dosing pump.
Auto transformer
 Circuit and function
 An auto-transformer starter makes it possible to
start squirrel-cage induction motors with reduced
starting current, as the voltage across the motor is
reduced during starting.
 In contrast to the star-delta connection, only three
motor leads and terminals are required. On
starting, the motor is connected to the tappings of
the auto-transformer.
Starting Characteristics:
 Motor terminal voltage less than line voltage (by
transformer ratio).
 Motor current exceeds line current (by inverse of
transformer ratio).
 Starting torque is reduced by the square of the
terminal voltage.
Applications:
 Where complete acceleration at reduced amperes
is needed.
 Where line ampere reduction requirements are
severe, and load torque is not minimal.
 Difference between DOL/Star delta /Autotransformer

Sr. DOL Starter Star delta starter Auto transformer starter

1 Used up to 5 HP Used 5 HP to 20HP Used above 20 HP

2 Does not decrease Decreases the starting current Decreases the starting
the starting current by 1/3 times current as required

3 It is cheap It is costly It is more costly

4 It connects directly It connects the motor first in star It connects the motor
the motor with at the time of starting in delta according to the taping
supply for starting for running taken out from the auto
as well as for transformer
running
 Current in Star Delta (380to 415V)
Motor KW Rated phase MCB-A Fuse -A MCCB-A
current-A
1.1 1.4-1.75 6 6 6
2.2 2.6-3 10 10 6
3.7 4.3-5.2 16 20 16
5.5 5.8-7 20 25 16
7.5 7.5-9.3 25 32 25
11 11-13.2 32 40 32
15 14.5-18 40 50 50
18.5 17.3-21.3 40 63 50
22 21.3-26.6 63 80 80
30 30-36.5 80 100 80
37 36-42 80 125 100
 Current in DOL (380-415V motor)

Motor KW Rated line MCB-A Fuse -A MCCB-A

current-A
1.1 2.5-3 16 10 6
2.2 4.5-5 16 20 6
3.7 7.5-9 25 25 16
5.5 10-12 32 32 16
7.5 13-16 40 40 25
11 19-23 50 50 32
15 25-31 63 63 50
18.5 30-37 80 80 50
22 37-46 100 100 80
30 52-63 Not used 125 80
WIRE/Cable SIZE
International standard wire sizes (IEC 60228)
 0.5 mm² 0.75 mm² 1 mm²1.5 mm² 2.5 mm²
4 mm²
 6 mm² 10 mm² 16 mm² 25 mm²
35 mm² 50 mm²
 70 mm² 95 mm² 120 mm² 150 mm²
185 mm² 240 mm²
 300 mm² 400 mm² 500 mm² 630 mm²
800 mm² 1000 mm
ACT FAST AND INITIATE FIRST

 बड़ा सोचो
 ते जी से सोचो व

 सबसे पहले सोचो

 ववचारो पर विसी िा

 एिावििार नहीीं होता.

----िीरूभाई अम्बानी
THANK YOU