Chemical Reactions

Chemical Reactions
• A chemical reaction is a change in which one
or more substances are converted into new
substances.
• A reactant is one of the substances that react.
• A product is one of the new substances that is
produced.
Evidence of a Chemical Reaction
1. Production of a gas
2. Formation of a precipitate (solid particles)
3. Color change
4. Absorption or release of heat
–Endothermic absorbs heat (feels cold)
–Exothermic releases heat (feels hot)
 Parts of a chemical equation
• Chemical equations show the conversion of
reactants (the molecules shown on the left of
the arrow) into products (the molecules
shown on the right of the arrow).

– A + sign separates molecules on the same side

– The arrow (→) is read as “yields”

Example : C + O2 → CO2
This reads “carbon plus oxygen react to yield
carbon dioxide”
Subscripts vs. Coefficients
The subscript tells
you how many
atoms of a particular
element are in a
compound.

The coefficient tells

you about the
quantity, or number,
of molecules of the
compound.
Writing Formulas
□ Reactions formulas or chemical
equations represent what occurs in a
chemical reaction.
□ Reactants are the participants in a
chemical reaction
□ Products are the new compounds
formed as a result of a chemical
reaction
Steps to writing a chemical
equation
□ Step 1: Highlight the important parts
of the word problem
□ Step 2: Identify the reactants and
products
□ Step 3: Write the formulas for the
chemicals
Practice

□ Aluminum bromide and chlorine yield

aluminum chloride and bromine
Practice

□ Aluminum and hydrogen chloride

yield aluminum chloride and
hydrogen gas
Practice

□ Hydrogen and nitrogen monoxide

yield water and nitrogen
Practice

methane gas and oxygen gas combine

to MAKE carbon dioxide and water
1. Potassium metal and chlorine gas combine to
form solid potassium chloride.
2. Magnesium reacts with liquid water to make a
solution of magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen
gas.
3. Zinc metal reacts with a solution of sodium
fluoride to produce a solution of zinc fluoride
and sodium metal.
4. solid carbon reacts with oxygen to produce
carbon monoxide gas.
5. When sodium metal reacts with a solution of
iron (II) chloride, iron metal and aqueous
sodium chloride are formed.
 Law of Conservation of Mass
■ In a chemical reaction, matter cannot be
created or destroyed; it only changes form
■ Mass of reactants = Mass of products

■ Therefore, all chemical equations must be

BALANCED!!
■ # atoms of each element of reactants =
# atoms of each element of products
 Balancing Equations
■ How do we balance equations?
■ Add “coefficients”, or multiplying factors
■ Balance the following:
Mg + O2 --> MgO

2Mg + O2 --> 2MgO

Balancing Equations
□ Step 1: Write the equation
□ Step 2: Count the Atoms on each
side
□ Step 3: Balance the # of atoms
□ Step 4: Verify
The trick is . . .
□ Determine the number of each type
of atom on the reactant and product
sides.
□ Balance a polyatomic ion as a single
unit if it remains the same on both
sides
□ When in doubt, double it out
 Balancing Equations
• Balance by inspection
Fe + Cl2 → FeCl2 Fe + Cl2 → FeCl2

C2H4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O C2H4 + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O

Al + HCl → AlCl3 + H2 2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2

Practice, practice, practice

□ ___H2 + ___O2 => ___H2O

___H3PO4 + ___KOH => ___K3PO4 +
___H2O
□ ____K + ___B2O3 => ___K2O +
___B
____HCl + ____NaOH => ___NaCl +
____H2O
___Na + ___NaNO3 => ___Na2O +
___N2
□ ___C + ___S8 => ___CS2
□ __Na + ___O2 => ___Na2O2
□ ___N2 + ___O2 => ___N2O5
___H3PO4 + ___Mg(OH)2 =>
___Mg3(PO4)2 + ___H2O
__NaOH + ___H2CO3 => ___Na2CO3 +
___H2O
___KOH + ___HBr => ___KBr +
___H2O
 The burning of gasoline to power internal combustion engines produces water vapor,
and carbon dioxide gas that is thought to contribute to the "Greenhouse Effect" in the
earth's atmosphere. Write the balanced chemical equation for burning gasoline
(assume octane reacting with oxygen).
The process of fermentation involves chemical reactions that convert solid glucose
(C6H12O6) into aqueous ethanol and carbon dioxide gas. Write the balanced chemical
equation.
Write the balanced chemical equation for the chemical reaction where potassium
superoxide (KO2) solid reacts with carbon dioxide gas to form potassium carbonate
and oxygen gas
 Remember Diatomic Gases!
• Br2
• I2
• N2
These elements can never
• Cl2
• H2
stand alone, they are
• O2 always in pairs to form
• F2 gases!
 Lets Try It!
•HgO → Hg + O2

•N2 + H2 → NH3

•KClO3 → KCl + O2

•KBr + Cl2 → KCl + Br2

•CO + O2 → CO2
 You Try It!
• N2 + O2 → N2O5 • C4H12 + O2 → H2O + CO2
• PbCl2 + AgNO3 → Pb(NO3)2 + AgCl
• Al2S3 → Al + S
• Mg3(PO4)2 + H2 → Mg + H3PO4
• Zn + S → ZnS
• Cl2 + KBr → KCl + Br2
H2 + O2 → H2O
• C + S8 → CS2

• Na + O2 → Na2O2
Types of Reactions
 Classifying Reactions (Five Types)
(Synthesis)
– Two or more reactants combine to form one
product
– General Form
• A + B → AB
– Examples
• CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
– Predict products when two elements combine
• Mg + O2 → MgO
• Na + Cl2 →
Decomposition
– One reactant breaks down to become 2 or more
products
– General form
• AB → A + B
– Examples
• NaN3 → N2 + Na
• KClO3 → KCl + O2
Single Replacement
– An element and a compound yield a different
element and a different compound
– General form
• A + BC → B + AC
– Examples
• Al + CuCl2 → Cu + AlCl3
– Predict products
• Zn + HCl →
• Cl2 + NaBr →
Double Replacement
– Two compounds yield two different compounds
– General form
• AB + CD → AD + CB
– Examples
• NaOH + H3PO → Na3PO4 + H2O
4

– Predict Products
• Ba(OH)2 + Na2CO3 →
• CuCl2 + Mg(OH)2 →
Combustion
– Organic molecule is burned in oxygen to yield
carbon dioxide and water
– General form
• CxHy + O2 → CO2 + H2O
– Examples
• C2H6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
• C3H8 + O2 →
 YOU TRY IT!
• N2 + O2 → N2O5 Synthesis

• Al2S3 → Al + S Decomposition

• Mg3(PO4)2 + H2 → Mg + H3PO4 Single Replacement

• C4H12 + O2 → H2O + CO2

Combustion
•HgO → Hg + O2

•N2 + H2 → NH3

•KClO3 → KCl + O2

•KBr + Cl2 → KCl + Br2

•CO + O2 → CO2
 Practice
• N2 + O2 → N2O5 • C + S8 → CS2

• Al2S3 → Al + S • Na + O2 → Na2O2

• Zn + S → ZnS • C4H12 + O2 → H2O + CO2

• PbCl2 + AgNO3 → Pb(NO3)2 + AgCl
• H2 + O2 → H2O
• Cl2 + KBr → KCl + Br2

• Mg3(PO4)2 + H2 → Mg + H3PO4
 Balance and Classify
1. Na + I2 --> NaI
2. Fe + FeCl3 -→ FeCl2
3. Ba(OH)2 + AlCl3 → Al(OH)3 + BaCl2
4. C2H4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
5. BaCl2 + (NH4)2CO3 → BaCO3 +
NH4Cl
6. AgNO3 + CuCl2 → AgCl + Cu(NO3)2
7. Al + N2 → AlN
8. KI + Cl → KCl + I