LCD TV CIRCUIT

submitted by:
Abhimanyu kaushik
0709731003
ece
 INDEX
 INTRODUCTION TO LCD T.V. CIRCUITS -
 1. Construction of LCD Display
 1-1 Principle of LCD Display
 1-2 Construction of LCD Display
 1-3 Main Component of LCD Display
 2. Principle of Liquid Crystal
 2-1 Liquid Crystal
 2-2 Rubbing-process
 2-3 Operation of Liquid Crystal
 3. Principle of LCD
 3-1 Operation of Polarized Board for LCD Panel (Shutter
 3-2 Operation of Alignment Film
 3-3 Operation of LCD Panel
 3-4 Transparent Electrode
 4. Type of LCD Display Construction
 4-1 Twisted Nematic (TN) Type
 4-2 Super TN (STN) Type
 4-3 Triple STN (TSTN) Type / Film STN (FSTN) Type
 5. System of LCD Display
 5-1 Dot-Matrix System
 5-2 Colorization
 5-3 Drive System
 5-4 Passive Matrix System
 5-5 Active Matrix System
 5-6 Drive of Active Matrix System
 6. Improvement Technology of LCD Display
 6-1 Subject of LCD Display
 6-1-1 Angle of View
 6-1-2 Response Characteristic
 6-2 Angle of View
 6-3 Multi-Domain System
 6-4 MVA (Multi-domain Vertical Alignment) System
 6-5 IPS (In-Plain Switching) System
 6-6 Optically Compensated Film
 6-7 OCB (Optically Compensated Birefringence) System
 6-8 Improvement of Response Speed
 6-8-1 Inpulse System
 6-8-2 FFD (Feed Forward Driving) System
 7. HANDLING PRECAUTIONS FOR TFT-LCD MODULE
INTRODUCTION TO LCD T.V.
CIRCUITS
 1. Construction of LCD Display
 1-1 Principle of LCD Display
 1-2 Construction of LCD Display
 1-3 Main Component of LCD Display
 Principle of LCD Display
 The LCD (Liquid Crystal Device) Display is
used to display the electric signal, converted
from picture data similar to a CRT display. The
transistor (TFT) switched by the electric signal
changes the transmission to light in small
picture elements (pixels) of the LCD. The LCD
display makes the picture by grouping these
elements of each RGB color
 Construction of LCD Display
 LCD Display
 Liquid Crystal is packed between the board modules (TFT and Common) and the
LCD panel (or LCD shutter) is constructed. A back light is attached to the LCD panel
for LCD Display.
 Board Module (Common Electrode)
 The Common Electrode consists of a polarized board, a color filter, and a
transparent electrode on a glass plate. An alignment film is formed on the
transparent electrode.
 Board Module (TFT Electrode)
 The TFT Electrode consists of a polarized board and a transparent electrode (pixel
electrode and drive transistor) on a glass plate. An alignment film is formed on the
transparent electrode.
 Backlight
 A fluorescent light is used for the Backlight.
 ✐TFT: Thin Film Transistor
 ✐LCD Panel and LCD Shutter: They are the same things, but in the explanation
LCD panel is used for structure and LCD shutter is used for function.
 Main Component of LCD Display
 LCD Shutter
 Supplying voltage to the transparent electrodes between the pixel and common sides changes the arrangement of
liquid crystal. By assembling two polarized boards, the transfer of light from the backlight can be controlled by
the transparent ratio of the LCD Shutter.
 Liquid Crystal
 Liquid Crystal is a material whose state is between a solid and a liquid. It has both characteristics of solids and
liquids, and generally it is a white turbid liquid. Its molecules are normally arranged comparatively opaque and
change to transparent with the application of voltage or heat.
 Transparent Electrode (Film)
 An LCD shutter is operated by supplying voltage derived from the video signal. Transparent film is used for its
electrode.
 Alignment Film
 This is a film for arranging liquid crystal molecules and is made of Polymid resin.
 Polarized Board
 The light with a specified direction passes through a polarized board.
 Drive Transistor
 The thin film transistor (TFT) is used to drive the LCD shutter of each pixel.
 Colour Filter
 It is a filter with three colours (R, G, B) arranged for each pixel.
 Backlight
 Liquid crystal does not emit light. A light source is needed for display. The light source placed on the reverse
side of the LCD panel is called “Backlight.”
 2. Principle of Liquid Crystal
 2-1 Liquid Crystal
 2-2 Rubbing-process
 2-3 Operation of Liquid Crystal
 Liquid Crystal
 What is Liquid Crystal?
 Liquid Crystal is a material whose state is between a solid and liquid. It has
characteristics of both solids and liquids, and generally is a white turbid liquid. Its
molecules are normally arranged comparatively opaque and change to transparent with
the application of voltage or heat. Almost all the materials consist of an organic
compound taking the form of a slender stick or a flat plate. There are three types of liquid
crystal as shown in Fig. 4, and they depend on the construction and arrangement of
molecules. Generally Nematic liquid crystal is used for the display apparatus.
 (a) Smectic
 Molecules are in layers and arranged parallel to each other. The center of gravity is
arranged at random in the layer.
 (b) Nematic
 Molecules are not in layers. They are arranged parallel. The center of gravity is able to
move freely to the major axis.
 (c) Cholesteric
 Molecules are in layers and arranged parallel. The arranging direction of the major axis
for the neighboring layers is shifted gradually. In order to use liquid crystal for display, it
is necessary to regularly arrange the molecules of Nematic (Rubbing-process).
 Rubbing-process
 After chemicals for arranging are put on the
glass plate, they are hardened, and then the
surface on the plate is rubbed with a cloth to fix
the direction of the gaps that are made. The
arranging direction of molecules is settled in
the gaps. This process is used to change the
characteristics so the molecules that touch the
rubbed surface are arranged to the major axis
of the rubbed direction. This thin film on the
glass plate is called “Alignment film.”
 Operation of Liquid Crystal
 The chemistry substance required for liquid crystal material is one
that reacts so that the arrangement direction is changed according to
an applied electric field. In the LCD display, a liquid crystal is
placed between two electrodes. When the voltage is supplied
between them, an electric field is generated in the liquid crystal, and
liquid crystal molecules are moved and arranged. The Backlight
applied to the liquid crystal is either passed or blocked according to
the arrangement of the molecules. If an electric field from an
external source is applied to liquid crystal, electric dipoles will be
generated that will react to the intensity and direction of the electric
field. Through the operation of these electric dipoles and the electric
field, the power changing direction of liquid crystal molecules is
generated. Therefore, according to an external electric field, liquid
crystal molecules move and change direction from horizontal to
vertical.
 3. Principle of LCD
 3-1 Operation of Polarized Board for LCD
Panel (Shutter)
 3-2 Operation of Alignment Film
 3-3 Operation of LCD Panel
 3-4 Transparent Electrode
 Operation of Polarized Board for LCD
Panel (Shutter)
 Light is an electromagnetic wave that is oscillating at right angles to the
direction of advance. In fact, the oscillating directions of all light is
mixed. A polarized board can let only the light in the specific direction
pass from the light with which these various oscillating directions were
mixed. Therefore, only the light of the same direction as the polarization
direction of a polarized board can be taken out by letting the light pass
through this polarized board. That is, if the oscillating direction of light
and the direction of a polarized board are in agreement, the light will
pass through a polarized board. Moreover, if the direction of a polarized
board differs from the oscillating direction of light, the light cannot pass
through a polarized board. When the oscillating direction of a polarized
board and light are shifted 90º(right-angled), the light is blocked
completely. The light passes and looks bright if the two boards are in the
same direction when looking at two polarized boards in piles, however,
if shifted at right-angles, the light is blocked and looks dark.
 Operation of Alignment Film
 Liquid crystal is inserted into alignment films of an upper
and lower plate that have the direction of grooves shifted
by 90º on the LCD display. The liquid crystal molecules of
upper alignment plate are arranged along with the upper
alignment film. The liquid crystal molecules of lower
alignment plate are arranged along with the lower
alignment film. The liquid crystal layer between these
alignment films is twisted little by little and is arranged so
that a spiral is formed. Light entering through the first
alignment plate will have its oscillating direction twisted
90º by the liquid crystal layer between the alignment films.
Now the direction of oscillation is aligned with the second
alignment plate and the light will pass through
 Operation of LCD Panel
 In the LCD panel, a liquid crystal is inserted and enclosed between two glass plates. The polarized board,
transparent electrode, and the alignment film are formed on these glass plates. The light can be passed or blocked
by supplying voltage or not to this LCD panel. In the condition (Switch-Off) that the voltage is not supplied, the
liquid crystal molecules are twisted 90º sideways and arranged spirally. The oscillating direction of the light that
passed the upper polarized board is changed by the twisted liquid crystal molecule arrangement. Therefore, the
direction of a polarized board and the oscillating direction of the light which is shifted 90º and arranged become
the same, and this light can now pass through a polarized board. This is the liquid crystal shutter-on condition
and an LCD panel (LCD shutter) passes the light.
 On the contrary, in the condition (Switch-On) that voltage is supplied, the liquid crystal molecules are arranged in
a line at right angles to a glass plate. Since vertical liquid crystal molecules do not affect the oscillating direction of
light, the light that passed the upper polarized board passes as it is without changing the oscillating direction.
Since the oscillating direction of this light differs from direction of the lower polarized board which is shifted 90º
and arranged, the light collides with this polarized board and cannot pass. This is the liquid crystal shutter-off
condition and the LCD panel (LCD shutter) blocks the light. This is the basic structure (On—Off of the light by the
LCD shutter) of an LCD panel. It is a sandwich structure of the upper and lower sides of transparent electrodes,
alignment films, and polarized boards, with an enclosed liquid crystal material between them.
 voltage is not supplied between the upper-and-lower polarized boards that are arranged at 90º. This type of panel
has the advantage that black contrast is improved, and it usually works well. This mode is called “Normally
White Mode.”
 An LCD panel that passes light when voltage is not supplied is referred to as “Normally Black Mode.” In practice,
with this type (when the upper-and-lower polarized boards are arranged in the same direction), is playing perfect
black becomes difficult due to the leakage of light caused by variations in the arrangement of the liquid crystal
molecules..
4. Type of LCD Display Construction
 4-1 Twisted Nematic (TN) Type
 4-2 Super TN (STN) Type
 4-3 Triple STN (TSTN) Type / Film STN
(FSTN) Type
 Twisted Nematic (TN) Type
 A Nematic type of LCD Display where the liquid
crystal molecules are twisted 90º between upper and
lower boards is called a Twisted Nematic type (TN
type) liquid crystal. Most LCD displays are of this type
and feature high contrast (ratio) under low voltage and
power.
 Super TN (STN) Type
 Super TN type (STN type) LCD Displays are used for
LCD televisions, personal computer monitors, cellular
phones, etc. A liquid crystal material developed to
improve visual characteristics, such as contrast ratio is
used. In this STN type liquid crystal molecules are
twisted 180º to 270º and arranged between upper and
lower electrodes. By supplying voltage to this liquid
crystal, the transparent ratio of light changes more
steeply. Therefore, with the STN type as compared to
the TN type, contrast and rise characteristic of the
voltage (response of switch On and Off) are improved,
and a clearer picture on larger screens becomes possible.
 Triple STN (TSTN) Type / Film STN
(FSTN) Type
 A fault of the STN type is that the display colors during On and Off
of the LCD shutter become yellowish green and navy blue. (In TN
type, they are white and black.) This is because light of a specific
wavelength is reflected and scattered by the thickness of the LCD
panel. Therefore, even if a color filter of RGB is attached to an STN
type liquid crystal, bluish green is mixed with the colors from
black, gray to white, and a natural color picture cannot be
displayed. The triple STN type (TSTN type) and the film STN type
(FSTN type) have been developed as an advanced type of STN. In
the TSTN type, optically compensated films (high polymer films)
which sandwich the upper and lower LCD panels are used. They
compensate for the twist of the light crystal cell, and the display
colors of yellowish green and navy blue are changed to the correct
white and black. The “FSTN” type uses a single optically
compensated film
 5. System of LCD Display
 5-1 Dot-Matrix System
 5-2 Colorization
 5-3 Drive System
 5-4 Passive Matrix System
 5-5 Active Matrix System
 5-6 Drive of Active Matrix System
 Dot-Matrix System
 LCD displays have two drive systems, Segment and Dot-Matrix. The Dot-
Matrix system is used for LCD television displays.
 The picture elements (pixels) of the display unit are arranged horizontally
(X line) and vertically (Y row) by this Dot-Matrix system, and various
characteristics and figures can be displayed. Fig. 12 shows a matrix of “X x
Y = 10 (pixels)” with the character “Y” displayed. In this Dot-Matrix
system, by making the size of a pixel smaller and increasing the whole
number of pixels, the big screen with fine character or picture becomes
possible. With the present liquid crystal manufacture technology, the
number of pixels per inch has reached 200ppi*, and very high definition
screen display is possible. Moreover, the number of pixels of an LCD
display panel corresponding to bigger screen sizes can be specified and
manufactured. For example, the number of pixels of the SXGA* panel is
about 1,300,000 (1,280 x 1,024 = 1,310,720 pixels).
 ✐ ppi: pixel per inch
 ✐ SXGA: Super eXtended Graphics Array
 Colorization
 Since an LCD shutter only passes or blocks light, in itself it
cannot display a color picture. The color picture is made
by mixing the three colors of RGB (three primary colors of
light) respectively, like the CRT color television. The color
LCD panel has a color filter of RGB attached to the
monochrome panel. See Fig. 13. In this color LCD panel,
by controlling the voltages and the waveforms that are
supplied at each RGB pixel, the transparent ratio is
controlled and hue and brightness are adjusted. Therefore,
smaller pixels and more numbers of pixels are required for
the color LCD Display. For example, although the SXGA
panel described before has about 1,300,000 pixels, in
colorization, there are about 4 million dots(sub-pixels).
 Drive System
 The drive systems for LCD display are divided
into the following classifications:
 The Static Drive System, which is seldom
used;
 The Passive Matrix System, which is used for
still pictures, such as calculators and notebook
PCs;
 The Active Matrix System, which is suitable
for high definition and the high-speed response
needed for big screen LCD television.
 Passive Matrix System
 In the structure of a passive matrix system, Y electrodes
of the vertical direction (Y-direction) are formed in
upper glass plate, and X electrodes of the horizontal
direction (X direction) are formed in lower glass plate as
a matrix. The liquid crystal molecules are sandwiched
between these electrodes. By supplying voltage between
the Y electrode and the X electrode in sequence, at a
certain time, an electric field is generated in the liquid
crystal where the selected Y electrode and X electrode
cross. Therefore, the liquid crystal molecules of this
pixel address (X, Y electrode intersection) change
arrangement and an LCD shutter is turned On or Off.
 Drive of Active Matrix System
 In the active matrix system, a switch element is attached for every pixel at
the intersection of the X and Yelectrodes of a passive matrix system. Each
pixel is now controlled by the switch element (active element). Since the
switch for each pixel is turned On and Off independently, the response
speed is increased. Thin Film Transistor (TFT) is used for the switch
element and is attached on the glass board.
 The LCD display using this TFT is called “TFT LCD display”. The upper
electrode for the whole pattern is formed on the upper glass plate and is
called the “Common Electrode”. A pixel electrode (pixel pattern), TFT
(switch element) which drives a pixel electrode, and X electrode for gate
input and Y electrode for source input of TFT are formed on the lower glass
plat e. In this structure, the electric field is generated in the area between
the pixel electrode and the common electrode, and the LCD shutter for 1
pixel is operated. When an electric signal (voltage) is supplied to the Y and
X electrode of TFT, TFT is turned On, and the liquid crystal molecules are
operated as a light switch. Refer to Fig. 17 (Address X1 and Y0).
 6. Improvement Technology of LCD
Display
 6-1 Subject of LCD Display
6-1-1 Angle of View
6-1-2 Response Characteristic
 6-2 Angle of View
 6-3 Multi-Domain System
 6-4 MVA (Multi-domain Vertical Alignment) System
 6-5 IPS (In-Plain Switching) System
 6-6 Optically Compensated Film
 6-7 OCB (Optically Compensated Birefringence) System
 6-8 Improvement of Response Speed
6-8-1 Inpulse System
6-8-2 FFD (Feed Forward Driving) System
 Subject of LCD Display
 6-1-1 Angle of View
 Angle of view means the normal visible range (angle) of a screen. In an
LCD display, the angle of view is narrow compared with a CRT or PDP
(Plasma Display Panel).
 The viewing angle of the typical TN type LCD display is about 100º.
However with the new improved technology that has been developed
the angle of view for LCD display has increased to 160º or 170º. This
improved system will be described later. (The angle of view for a CRT
or PDP is 180º.)
 6-1-2 Response Characteristic
 The response characteristic of the LCD display is the speed at which the
display is refreshed by the input signal (video data signal).
 If this response characteristic is slow, an afterimage will appear on the
screen. Therefore, in large screen LCD television, improving this
response characteristic becomes very important.
 Angle of View
 The principle of optical penetration and the
interception of the LCD shutter by the arranged
direction of cylindrical liquid crystal molecules controls
the direction of light. Therefore, brightness, hue, and
contrast depend on the direction of view of the LCD
display. The range (angle) where these look normal is
called the “angle of view.” The fault of the TN LCD
display is that this angle of view is narrow. shows that
brightness changes depending on the angle the screen
with a gray picture is viewed.
 Multi-Domain System
 The arrangement of the TN LCD display is one
directional. In this Multi-Domain System, one pixel is
divided into two or more different arranged domains.
shows the example of Multi-Domain System with two
domains. The quantity of the light per pixel from
various angles is equalized by this system. Moreover,
the angle of view becomes even wider by increasing
the number of divisions. However, manufacturing is
difficult in the rubbing process*.
 MVA (Multi-domain Vertical Alignment)
System
 In the MVA system, the (alignment) film is arranged so that the
liquid crystal molecules are stood vertically. The MVA system
combines vertical alignment with the Multi-domain system. By
vertically aligning the liquid crystal molecules, the influence of
optical interception is lost, and the angle of view and contrast are
improved. A type of material is used that causes the liquid crystal
molecules to become vertical to the glass plate without supplying
voltage. (Nega-Nematic liquid crystal*) In the MVA system, attaching
the boss by resin and making the liquid crystal molecules stand
diagonally on the transparent electrode make multiple alignment
domains. Therefore, since the rubbing process can be skipped at the
alignment film production, manufacturing becomes easier compared
with the multidomain system.
 ✐ Generally, a Posi-Nematic system is used that aligns the liquid
crystal molecules by supplying voltage.
 IPS (In-Plain Switching) System
 The pixel and common electrodes are mounted to the transparent film
(drive transistor) side and the electric field is generated horizontally to
the glass plate. With this electric field, the alignment direction of liquid
crystal molecules is rotated 90º in parallel to the glass plate. In the IPS
system, liquid crystal molecules rotate all at once in the horizontal
direction. Since these liquid crystal molecules do not lean like the TN
type, there is little change in the picture characteristics (contrast,
brightness, hue, etc.) and the angle of view becomes wider. However,
there are a few problems. The quantity of transparent light is reduced,
slower response speed, and a white picture becomes a little bluish or
yellowish depending on the viewing direction. The S-IPS (Super-IPS)
type was developed to improve upon these problems. In the S-IPS type,
the structure of the electrode for driving the liquid crystal molecules
becomes a zigzag form, which reduces the change of color, increases the
viewing angle to about 160º and has high definition equivalent to a CRT.
 Optically Compensated Film
 By using the optically compensated film, the phase
shift of the STN type of LCD display is corrected,
andthe angle of view and contrast are improved.(Refer
to 4-3 Triple STN Type.)
 OCB (Optically Compensated
Birefringence) System
 The OCB system combines the bend-alignment system
where the liquid crystal molecules are bent and aligned
between the upper and lower boards and optically
compensation film. This system has the features of
increased angle of view and quicker response speeds.
However, bend-alignment is difficult to make uniform
and stable.
 Improvement of Response Speed
 6-8-1 Inpulse System
 In order to reduce afterimage and dim outline, there is
the system that has the backlight blinked for every
writing of one picture or an all black picture in inserted
in the fixed cycle. It is called the “Inpulse System.” For
example, with the system called “Super Inpulse
System,” the black data is written in every 1/60 second,
and the afterimage and the ghosts are reduced. 
 6-8-2 FFD (Feed Forward Driving) System
 The response speed of LCD brightness can be
improved by adding over-shoot characteristic to the
data line voltage.the actual overdrive circuit used in a
digital drive system.
 7. HANDLING PRECAUTIONS FOR
TFT-LCD MODULE
 1. ASSEMBLY PRECAUTION
 2. OPERATING PRECAUTIONS
 3. PRECAUTFONSWITHELECTROSTATICS
 4. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS