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 The most significant role of the Krebs cycle is

the formation of reduced coenzyme.
 This cycle takes place in the matrix of
mitochondria.
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*hydrogen atom removed to from NADH or FADH2
Decarboxylated
*carbon removed to form Cu2 r
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 The electron transport chain is also called the ETC.
An enzyme called ATP synthase catalyzes a
reaction to generate ATP. The structure of this
enzyme and its underlying genetic code is
remarkably conserved in all known forms of life
 ATP synthase is powered by a transmembrane
electrochemical potential gradient usually[in the
form of a proton gradient. The function of the
electron transport chain is to produce this
gradient. In all living organisms, a series of redox
reactions is used to produce a transmembrane
electrochemical potential gradient.
 ‰

 
 
. A collection of molecules (mostly proteins) embedded in the
inner membrane of mitochondria.

2. Folding of the inner membrane into cristae increases surface

area of inner membrane (increases the number of electron
transport chains).

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 ‰

 
 
The flow of ETC :

i. The hydrogen atoms removed from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are
transferred to specific carriers of the electron transport chain on the inner
membrane of mitochondria by NADH and FADH2.

ii. The hydrogen are passed along carriers and then split into their protons (H+)
and electrons along the chain.

·
iii. The chain consist of r protein complexes;
a) NADH dehydrogenase complex
b) Cytochrome b complex
c) Cytochrome oxidase complex and 2 mobile carriers;
i. Ubiquinone (Q)
ii. Cytochrome c (cyt c)

iv. Ubiquinone (Q) and cytochrome c (Cyt c) move rapidly (carrying
electrons) along the mitochondria membrane between the r
complexes.

v. Electrons are passed from one carrier to another.

vi. The carrier molecule gaining an electron is reduced and the
carrier molecule losing the electron is oxidised and able to
accept more electrons.

vii. Energy released from passing electrons down the chain are used
to pump H+ out of the matrix into intermembrane space.

2
viii. Now, there is a greater concentration of H+ outside of the
matrix.

ix. H+ flow back into the matrix through the channels in ATP
synthase molecules in the membrane.

r
x. The energy released as H+ flow back into the ATP synthase channel are then
used to phosphorilate ADP into ATP.

xi. The above process is called oxidative phosphorylation because

phosphorylation occurs from energy associated with the transfer of electrons
from food to oxygen.

xii. The final electron aceptor at the end of the chain is u2 which combines with
H+ to form H2u