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Hsieh, Bieng-Zih
Fall 2009
OUTLINES
Introduction
Borehole Environment
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INTRODUCTION
Well log, Wireline Log,
Geophysical well logging, Log
A continuous measurement of
formation properties with
electrically powered instruments
to infer properties and make
decisions about drilling and
production operations.
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INTRODUCTION (CONT.)
The record of the
measurements, typically a
long strip of paper, is also
called a log.
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INTRODUCTION (CONT.)
In wireline measurements, the logging
tool (or sonde) is lowered into the open
wellbore on a multiple conductor, contra-
helically (反螺旋) armored wireline.
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INTRODUCTION (CONT.)
This is done in an attempt to maintain tension on the cable
(which stretches) as constant as possible for depth
correlation purposes.
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INTRODUCTION (CONT.)
Certain fluid sampling and pressure-measuring tools
require that the sonde be stopped, increasing the chance
that the sonde or the cable might become stuck.
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BOREHOLE ENVIRONMENT
Where a hole is drilled into a formation, the rock plus the
fluids in it (rock-fluid system) are altered in the vicinity of
the borehole.
Exercise:
You have 15
min. to fill in
your answer
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FIG. 1
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THE DEFINITION OF SYMBOLS USED IN FIG. 1
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DIAMETER
dh – hole diameter
di – diameter of invaded
zone (inner boundary,
flushed zone)
dj – diameter of invaded
zone (outer boundary,
invaded zone)
Δrj – radius of invaded
zone (outer boundary)
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HOLE DIAMETER
A well’s borehole size is described
by the outside diameter of the drill
bit.
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MUD
hmc – thickness of mudcake
Rm – resistivity of the drilling mud
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DRILLING MUD
Today, most wells are drilled with rotary bits and use
special mud as a circulating fluid.
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BLOW-OUT
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DRILLING MUD (CONT.)
The density of the mud is kept high enough so that
hydrostatic pressure in the mud column is always greater
than formation pressure.
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LOG HEADER
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RESISTIVITY
Rw – resistivity of formation water
Rs – resistivity of shale
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SATURATION
Sw – water saturation of
uninvaded zone
Sxo – water saturation of
flushed zone
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INVADED ZONE
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INVADED ZONE
The zone which is invaded by mud
filtrate is called the invaded zone.
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INVADED ZONE (CONT.)
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QUESTION --
General invasion diameters are:
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INVADED ZONE (CONT.)
The amount of invasion which takes place is dependent
upon the permeability of the mudcake and not upon the
porosity of the rock.
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FLUSHED ZONE
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FLUSHED ZONE
The flushed zone extends only a few inches from the well
bore and is part of the invaded zone.
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UNINVADED ZONE
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UNINVADED ZONE
The uninvaded zone is located beyond the invaded zone.
Sh = 1.0 – Sw
where Sh = hydrocarbon saturation (i.e., the fraction of
pore volume filled with hydrocarbons)
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INVASION AND RESISTIVITY PROFILES
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INVASION AND RESISTIVITY PROFILES
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TRANSITION PROFILE – WATER ZONE
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ANNULUS PROFILE – HYDROCARBON ZONE
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BASIC INFORMATION NEEDED IN LOG
INTERPRETATION
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BASIC INFORMATION NEEDED IN LOG INTERPRETATION
Lithology – from cutting
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LOG HEADER
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FORMATION TEMPERATURE CALCULATION
Given:
Surface temp. = 80 F
Bottom hole temp. = 180 F
Total depth (TD) = 10000 ft
Formation depth = 6000 ft
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EXERCISE # 1A
Calculate Formation 1A temperature
Given:
Surface temp. = 60 F
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EXERCISE # 1B
Calculate Formation 1B temperature
Given:
Surface temp. = 75 F
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CORRECT THE RESISTIVITIES TO FORMATION TEMPERATURE
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Given:
Surface temp. = 75 F
Rm, Rmf, Rmc => from log header RUN-1 and RUN-2
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EXERCISE # 2B
Correct the resistivities (Rm, Rmf, Rmc) to Formation 1B
temperature
Given:
Formation 1B temp. => From your answer of Ex. #1B
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END OF CHAPTER 1
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