Intro

Pilot School Cessna C172 – Flight Technical

PK- MSH PK- MSN

Topics covered in this brief:
1. Cessna C172 – P Cockpit instruments and switches
2. Pre-Flight Inspection ‘Walk around’
3. Airspeeds – Pilot Operating Handbook
4. Standard Operating Procedures and Airspeeds
5. Flying Technique – Changes in Flying Configuration
6. Memory Item Checklists
 Cockpit

Pilot School
 Captain’s Panel

Suction Gauge

Clock / Timer Airspeed Indicator Artificial Horizon

Altimeter ILS / VOR 1

Fuel Gauge
Directional Gyro
Turn & Slip Indicator
Vertical Speed Indicator VOR 2
Oil Temp & Pressure

Tacho Meter ADF

Clock / Timer
Master Switch
 Radio Tx selector
Radio speaker /
Marker Radio
Beacon
stack headphone selector
Lights

DME
ILS / VOR 1

COM 1 NAV 1

ELT

ADF Tuner
NAV 2
COM 2
VOR 2

Transponder
Flap Lever

ADF
Fuel Mixture

Carby Heat Throttle

 Elevator Trim

Carb Heat Throttle Mixture

Circuit Breakers

Exterior Lights Flap Lever

Interior Lights Alt Static Air

Elevator Trim
 Walk Around
1

Pre-Flight Check – C172 1. Inside Cabin

‘Walk-around’ – Part 1 1. Pilot’s Operating Handbook available in aircraft

2. Park Brake - SET
3. Control Wheel Locks - REMOVE
4. Ignition Switch - OFF
5. Avionics Power Switch - OFF
6. Master Switch - ON
7. Fuel Quantity Indicators – Check quantity
8. Master Switch - OFF
9. Static Pressure Alternate Source - OFF
10. Fuel Selector - BOTH
11. Baggage door – CHECK CLOSED

3 & 4 Right Wing 4. Fuel Tank Sump Drain - DRAIN

2. Empennage
1. Rudder and Elevator – CHECK
freedom of movement and
security
1. Aileron – CHECK freedom of
movement and security
2. Flap – CHECK security and
hinge alignment
3. Right Main Wheel – CHECK
proper inflation
- to be done on the first flight of the
day, plus after every refueling
- CHECK for water and sediments
in the fuel
5. Fuel quantity – CHECK visually with
dip stick

Pilot School
6. Fuel Filler Cap - SECURE
 Walk Around
2

Pre-Flight Check – C172 5. Nose

1. Engine Oil Dip Stick - CHECK
‘Walk-around’ – Part 2 - do not operate with less than 5 quarts
- fill to min of 7 quarts for long flights

2. Engine Oil Cap - SECURE

3. Fuel Strainer Drain Knob – PULL OUT
- for 4 seconds to clear strainer of water and
sediments before first flight and after refueling

4. Fuel Strainer Drain Knob - CLOSED

- If water is observed, water must be
removed before flight

5. Propeller and Spinner - CHECK

-check for cracks, nicks and metal fatigue
- check to see it’s not bent and is secure
6. Left Wing
1. Main Wheel Tire – CHECK for proper inflation 6. Carburetor Air Filter – CHECK for dust etc

2. Fuel Tank Sump Drain – DRAIN –as for the right wing 7. Nose wheel strut and tire -CHECK
3. Fuel quantity – CHECK visually as for right wing - check oleo for excessive grease
4. Fuel cap – SECURE - check tire for correct inflation

5. Pitot Tube – REMOVE cover and check opening 8. Static source opening – CHECK for
6. Stall warning opening – CHECK for blockage stoppage
- CHECK warning horn using handkerchief and applying suction
Pilot School
 Check Oil
Pre-flight check – C172 PK- MSH – check OIL

Minimum - 5 quarts
For long flights 7 quarts

Pilot School
 Check Fuel

Pilot School
PK- MSH – check FUEL
Pre-flight check – C172 75 litres each tank = 150 litres total
 Left Side of
A/C

Pre-flight check – C172 Stall Warning Opening

Pitot Cover Remove

Landing Light

Static Vent

Oleo Strut

Pilot School
 Right side of A/C

Pre-flight check – C172

Propeller Check

Carby Air Filter

Oil Access Door

Pilot School
 Pilot School Airspeeds
AIRSPEEDS – C172 P – from Pilot Operating Handbook

TOSS (VR) .............................55 KIAS

Stall with Flap (VS0) .............. 33 KIAS
Stall Speed (VS) ……............ 44 KIAS

Best Climb Angle (VX)........... 61 KIAS

Best Climb Rate (VY).............76 KIAS
Cruise Climb (Normal) ......... 80 KIAS

Max Flap Extended (VFE) ..... 85 KIAS

Maneuver Speed (VA) ......... 82 - 99 KIAS
Maximum Cruising (VNO) .... 127 KIAS
can only be exceeded in smooth air

Never Exceed (VNE) ............ 158 KIAS

Best Glide ............................ 65 KIAS

Abeam Downwind Threshold 80 KIAS

Base........................................75 KIAS
Final ....................................... 70 KIAS
VREF ........................................ 65 KIAS

Short field approach Final...... 65 KIAS

Short field approach VREF....... 61 KIAS

Maximum Crosswind............. 15 KIAS

 Pilot School AIRSPEEDS – C172 P – Standard Operating Procedures

Climb to Cruise Procedure

Circuit Height – 1000 ft AGL
1. Nose to cruising attitude
2. Speed increase to 100 kts Turn downwind – 45O to runway threshold
500 ft, turn crosswind
3. Reduce power to 2100 RPM
After Take-off Checklist
4. Check altitude and trim

2. VY = 80 kts
3. Downwind = 90 kts
Pre-Landing Checklist

1. VR = 60 kts
Abeam Threshold, Cruise to Descend
Procedure Take off direction
1. Power reduce to 1800 RPM
2. Maintain level attitude, speed decrease to 80 kts
3. Flaps 10O Take-Off Procedure
4. Nose to descent attitude 1. Throttle - Apply 1700 RPM
4. Late Downwind = 80 kts, 2. Check Engine Instruments ‘In Green’
Flaps 10O
3. Throttle - Apply Full Power – Check
Final Checklist 2300 RPM
Turn base – 45O to runway threshold
4. Check ‘Airspeed Alive’

6. Final, Flap 30O , 70 kts

5. Base Leg, Flap 20O , 75 kts
 Pilot School Change of Configuration

A change of configuration involves a change of Power, Attitude and Airspeed

Important: After every change of configuration, the aircraft must be in trim

So we use a combination of Power, Attitude/Airspeed, Trim in all changes of configuration

Trim is always done last

Whether we set Power or Attitude first, depends on the required configuration

What is ‘Flying by Attitude’?

 Pilot School Straight and Level Attitude Attitude

Flying by Attitude
What is ‘flying by attitude’?
Horizon
Flying by visual reference to earth’s horizon

What if you can’t see the earth’s horizon?

Then, you can not fly visually .. So you will need to
fly by instruments – and use the Artificial Horizon
The aircraft’s attitude is referenced to the horizon
from the aircraft’s nose
Measurement can be made by ‘number of fingers
below the horizon’

Final Approach Attitude Horizon Climbing Attitude (VX; VY)

Horizon
 Pilot School Change of Configuration

A change of configuration involves a change of Power, Attitude and Airspeed

Important: After every change of configuration, the aircraft must be in trim

So we use a combination of Power, Attitude/Airspeed, Trim in all changes of configuration

Trim is always done last

Whether we set Power or Attitude first, depends on the required configuation

Power + Attitude = Performance (Configuration)

Performance (Configuration) is what we want the aircraft to fly, for example;

1.Normal flight
2. Slow flight
3. VX climb (best angle of climb)
4. VY climb (best rate of climb)
5. Cruise Descent

So, for every configuration, there is a specific Power and Attitude setting
 Pilot School Change of Configuration

Refer to C172 checklist booklet pages 6 and 7 Climbing Attitude (VX; VY)

1. Cruise to Climb - APT; Attitude to climb attitude /Airspeed – 80 kts

Power to FULL 2500 RPM Horizon
Trim

2. Climb to Cruise - APT; Attitude to cruise attitude /Airspeed – 100

kts
Power back to 2100 RPM
Trim

3. Cruise to Descent - PAT; Power back to 1800 RPM

Attitude to descent attitude
Trim – VSI – 500 ft/min
Straight and Level Attitude
4. Descent to Cruise - APT; Attitude to cruise attitude, VSI – 0 ft/min
/Airspeed – 100 kts
Power – Increase to 2100 RPM
Trim Horizon
 Pilot School Frasca Simulator Exercise

Exercise: Memory Items Checklist and Circuit Speeds

Aims: 1. To be able to recall memory item checklists for
Take-off, After Take-off. Pre-landing, Final and After
Landing checks;
2. To be able to recall speeds and flap setting for
rotation, climb, downwind, abeam TDZ, base and final

Procedure:
1. At line-up position on the runway, perform memory
items checklist for Take-Off (page 4, B)
2. Proceed with take-off, rotate at 60 knots.
10. Abeam TDZ (Touch Down Zone), reduce power
and slow down to 80 knots, flap 10O
11. At 45O to runway, turn 90O for base leg, flap 20O,
airspeed 75 knots

3. Climb out at 80 knots. 12. In line with runway, turn 90O for final, flap 30O,
airspeed 70 knots
4. Perform memory items checklist for After Take-Off
checks (page 4, C). 13. Before 300 feet, perform memory items checklist
for Final (page 5, B)
5. After 500 ft, turn left 90O for crosswind leg and climb 14. Perform after memory items After Landing
to circuit height checklist once cleared of the runway (page 5, C)
6. After 500 ft, turn left 90O for crosswind leg and climb
to circuit height of 1000 ft

7. At 1000 ft, level off and set attitude and power for
level flight, at 100 knots

8. Turn 90O for downwind leg

9.Perform memory item checklist for Pre-landing

checks (page 5, A)
 Pilot School Memory Item Checklist

After Take Off Checklist Perform as soon as practical after take-off

UPFALOP

U Undercarriage (gear) UP
P Power Set – FULL , 2500 RPM
F Flap - UP
A Airspeed – 80 kts
L Landing Light - OFF
O Oil Temp and Pressure - GREEN
P Path (take –off)- CHECK
 Pilot School Memory Item Checklist

Pre-Landing Checklist Perform on downwind or as required

IBUMFOHT

I Instruments – Airspeed, Altimeter, Directional Gyro Indicator - CHECK

B Brake – Pressure and Hand Brake OFF
U Undercarriage – Gear Down
M Mixture FULL RICH; Magnetos BOTH; Master ON
F Fuel Selector BOTH; Fuel Quantity CHECK
O Oil Temp and Pressure - GREEN
H Harness and Doors SECURE
T Tower – CALL TOWER
 Pilot School Memory Item Checklist

Final Checklist Perform on FINAL and before 300 Feet AGL

LAUFT

L Landing Light ON
A Airspeed 75 knots – CHECK and STABLE
U Undercarriage - DOWN
F Flap – 30O or as required
T Trim as required; Tower – FOR CLEARANCE