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2. Pressure sealing and isolation between casing at surface when many casing
strings are used.
A C C O R D I N G T O T HE W E L L A C C O R D I NG T O T H E
LO C AT I O N W EL L H EA D D ES I G N
• Subsea wellhead.
WELLHEAD CLASSIFICATION
Well Types
• ACCORDING TO WELL TYPES
Sucker Cavern
Sweet Injection
Rod Pump wells
Hydraulic Observatio
Sour ESP
Fracking n Wells
Disposal
PCP
Well
Steam
Gas Lift Assisted
Gravity
Drainage
Plunger
Lift Cycle Steam
Stimulation
Other Types
Hydraulic
Pump
Velocity
String
COMPONENT REQUIREMENTS
APPLICABLE TO ALL WELLHEADS
• Isolate the inside of the surface casing from the outside environment.
• Provide a platform for and a means to test the rig BOP stack during
drilling and well servicing operations.
• Support or transfer the weight of drilling and workover equipment
during drilling and well servicing operations.
• Allow for suspending and packing off the next casing string
• Provide access to the surface inner casing annulus for monitoring and
fluid return purposes.
• Access to the annulus is available through side outlets drilled through
the casing head.
CASING SPOOL
• If a well includes one or more intermediate casing strings between the surface
and
production casing, the next component required after the casing head is the
casing
spool.
• The bottom of the casing spool mounts on top of a casing head or previous spool,
and the top connects to the next spool or tubing head assembly.
• The spool is designed so the bottom bowl or counter-bore will allow a secondary
seal to be set on the previous casing string, while the top bowl will hold a casing
hanger to suspend and allow a primary seal around the next string of casing.
Multiple casing spools may be used, one on top of the other, to hang
intermediate casing strings and the final production casing string.
W2 CASING SPOOL
CASING SPOOL FUNCTION
• Allow for a secondary seal on the previous casing string in the counter-bore.
• With a secondary seal in place, flange or hub seals and casing hanger seals are
isolated from internal casing pressure.
• Provide a port for pressure testing primary and secondary casing seals and
flange connections.
• Provide a platform to support, seal and pressure test the BOP during drilling and
well servicing operations.
• Provide a load shoulder and controlled bore in the top bowl to support the next
casing hanger and enable a primary seal for the next intermediate or
production casing.
• Provide annular access for fluid returns or fluid injections and pressure
monitoring, through side outlets drilled in the spool assembly.
CASING HANGER
• Both casing heads and casing spool assemblies may require the use of
casing hangers.
• Casing hangers attach to the end of a given casing string and suspend and
seal the casing string in the top bowl of a casing head or spool.
• Casing hangers come in two main varieties:
– Slip type hangers that are installed around the casing after it is
run, either before or after the casing is cemented into place.
• Slip type casing hangers are used as a contingency when pipe is stuck,
allowing the casing to be cut off and set where it sits.
– Mandrel type hangers that are threaded onto the casing.
• Mandrel type casing hangers provide superior well control when
landing the hanger and improve the annular seal.
CASING HANGER
• Shallow intermediate strings are usually suspended from the hanger and then
cemented to surface.
• Longer intermediate and production strings that are not cemented to surface
are usually cemented while the casing is suspended in tension from the rig
traveling block.
• After the cement has set for a few hours, the traveling block pulls a calculated
tension on the casing above the cement and it is at this point the hanger is set
in the bowl.
• Casing hangers are often called slips or seals as they are designed with built-in
seals.
• Sometimes, we install only a primary seal in shallow depth.
• Lock-down (also called hold-down) screws are used to hold the hanger in place.
• It may be one piece, two or three pieces ( in larger diameters)
Slip-types CSG hanger
Mandrel-types CSG
hanger
CASING HANGER FUNCTION
• To suspend the load of the casing string from the casing head or spool.
• To center the casing in the head.
• To provide a primary seal against the inside of the casing head and isolate
the casing annulus pressure from upper wellhead components.
PACK-OFF FLANGE
• The tubing head adaptor provides a transition from the tubing head
to the Christmas tree.
• With a basic tubing head configuration where the tubing hanger is
seated in the top of the tubing head.
• The bottom of the tubing head adaptor will seal against the tubing
head and contain reservoir or injection fluids moving through the
top of the tubing.
• With an extended neck tubing hanger, the adaptor will provide a
secondary seal against the hanger, isolating the seal between
tubing head and adaptor and any lock screws holding the tubing
hanger in place. This configuration provides a means to test the
primary and secondary seals on the tubing hanger.
TUBING HEAD ADAPTOR TYPES
WEAR BUSHING
• While drilling the well, it is required that the seal bores in each of the
intermediate casing spools and tubing spools be protected.
• A series of wear bushings are supplied to protect the seal areas discussed
during the drilling operation.
• The wear bushings are run on a drill pipe tool with J-lugs located on the OD
that interface with J-slots located in the top ID section of the wear bushing.
wear bushing running tools. wear bushings for a typical land drilling wellhead system.
These tools are also used to test the BOP stack.
CHRISTMAS TREE
• one component that has studs threaded into its housing and a second
component with a flange bolted to the studs.
• Uses:
– Typically used in any high pressure (i.e., 2000 psi to 30,000 psi) or higher risk
operations.
– Used in any operations where there are requirements to shorten the height or
length of the wellhead components.
– Used in any operations where there is a need to reduce the bending moment on
equipment.
– Along with flanged connections, studded connections allow for the installation of
a test port to meet requirements of pressure testing between primary and
secondary seals.
CLAM HUB
• Seal composition:
– Elastomer and Graphite / Carbon Seals.
– Metal Seals.
• Seal types:
– Primary Seals
– Secondary Seals
• If both are installed the wellhead can be pressure
tested.
FLOWING WELLS
• Death + Corrosion
• The following examples all present a corrosion
hazard:
– CO2 and water
– Salt water
– Aggressive solvents (e.g., DMDS)
– Acid (well stimulation)
ARTIFICIAL LIFT WELLS
• Gas Lift
• ESP
• PCP
• Plunger Lift
Special Wellhead
• Sucker Rod Pump
Design
• Hydraulic Pump
The conventional wellhead should be modified to meet the artificial lift
method.
Each method along with the modification applied will be discussed.
BEAM
PUMPING
• the wellhead must be modified to seal
around the reciprocating rod.
• Emergency precaution in case of
broken rod.
WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT
• Flowing T
• BOP
• Stuffing Box
• Lubricator
FLOWING TEE
• Replaced the wing valve in conventional well head,
to direct the fluid towards surface facilities.
BOP
• Designed to prevent oil spills in
case of sucker rod or polished
rod breaks
• May be installed
– Between tubing head and
flowing T
– Between flowing T and stuffing
box
• Can be operated manually or
automatically (hydraulically or
pneumatically)
– Prime mover
• Power transmission equipment
PRIME MOVER
• Mudline suspension
• Subsea wellhead
MUDLINE SUSPENSION SYSTEM
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE LAND
WELLHEADS AND A THE JACKUP MUDLINE
• The main difference between the wellheads used in the land
drilling application and the jackup drilling application (with
mudline) is the slip-and-seal assembly
• Because the weight of the well now sits at the seabed, a
weight-set slip-and-seal assembly is not used. Instead, a
mechanical set (energizing the seal by hand) is used, in which
cap screws are made up with a wrench against an upper
compression plate on the slip-and-seal assembly to energize
the elastomeric seal.
A MECHANICAL-SET SLIP-AND-
SEAL ASSEMBLY
SUBSEA WELLHEAD SYSTEMS
• is a pressure-containing vessel that provides a means to
hang off and seal off casing used in drilling the well.
• The wellhead also provides a profile to latch the subsea
blowout preventer (BOP) stack and drilling riser back to
the floating drilling rig. In this way, access to the wellbore
is secure in a pressure-controlled environment.
• The subsea wellhead system is located on the ocean
floor, and must be installed remotely with running tools
and drillpipe
A STANDARD SUBSEA WELLHEAD SYSTEM WILL TYPICALLY
CONSIST OF THE FOLLOWING:
• The unitized wellhead is a one-piece body that is typically run on 13 3/8 -
in. casing through the BOP, and lands on a landing shoulder located inside
the starting head or on top of the conductor itself.
• The casing hangers used are threaded and preassembled with a pup joint.
• This way, the threaded connection can be pressure tested before leaving
the factory, ensuring that the assembly will have pressure-containing
competence.
• Gate valves are installed on the external outlet connections of the unitized
wellhead to enable annulus access to each of the intermediate and
the production casing strings.
UNITIZED WELLHEAD (C0MPACT)
• After the next hole section is drilled, the casing string, topped out with its
mandrel hanger, is run and landed on a shoulder located in the ID of the
unitized wellhead.
• A seal assembly is run on a drillpipe tool to complete the casing-hanger and
seal-installation process.
• Each additional intermediate casing string and mandrel hanger is run and
landed on top of the previously installed casing hanger without removing
the BOP stack.
• Besides saving valuable rig time, the other advantage of the unitized
wellhead system over spool wellhead systems is complete BOP control
throughout the entire drilling process.
TIME-SAVING WELLHEAD
Pack-off
SH3 SPEEDHEAD SYSTEM
• Improved safety
– Eliminates one flange
– Eliminates all lock down screws
• Time savings
– Reduced BOP/diverter handling
– Replaces lock down screws with lock rings
• Flexible system
– Emergency equipment
– Alternate casing programs
– Adapts to conventional equipment for
extended casing programs.
• Maximum pressure 15,000psi.
LSH LAND SPEEDHEAD SYSTEM