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Bioecological Systems Theory

Urie Bronfenbrenner
ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS THEORY
Urie Bronfenbrenner

• Ecological systems model of socialization


• Used in many texts: ie.
• Mass media and socialization
Livolsi, Marino.
The four systems 1:

• Microsystem: Immediate environments


(family, school, peer group, neighborhood,
and childcare environments)
• Mesosystem: A system comprised of
connections between immediate
environments (i.e., a child’s home and school)
The four systems 2:
• Exosystem: External environmental settings
which only indirectly affect development (such
as parent's workplace)
• Macrosystem: The larger cultural context
(Eastern vs. Western culture, national
economy, political culture, subculture)
MICROSYSTEM-
• SIGNIFICANT OTHERS
• FAMILY DYSFUNCTIONAL or FUNCTIONAL
• -EMOTIONAL,
• CARING,
• LANGUAGE RICH.
EXOSYSTEM
• OUTSIDE THE INDIVIDUAL
• CHILD NOT ACTIVE PARTICIPANT
EXOSYSTEM

FACTORS:
• NEIGHBOURHOOD
• POVERTY
• PARENTAL EMPLOYMENT
MESOSYSTEM
• INTERMEDIATE SOCIALIZER
• TEACHERS, PRINCIPALS
• FAMILY AND SCHOOL
• FAMILY AND PEER GROUP
Chronosystem

-temporal changes
Chronosystem
• Ecological systems or individuals producing
new conditions that affect
development.
Self-Identity:
• While in earlier, traditional societies we would
be provided with that narrative and social
role. (clear cut)
• In the post-traditional society we are usually
forced to create one ourselves. (ambiguous)
Late modernity and Self
• As Giddens (Modernity and Self-Identity: 70)
puts it: "What to do? How to act? Who to be?
• These are focal questions for everyone living
in circumstances of late modernity –
Questions we must ask: either discursively or
through day-to-day social behaviour."
SELF CONCEPT
• Self-concept or self identity is the mental and
conceptual understanding and persistent
regard that sentient beings hold for their own
existence.
• In other words, it is the sum total of a being's
knowledge and understanding of his or her
self
Self-concept
• . The self-concept is different from self-
consciousness, which is an awareness or
preoccupation with one's self.
• Components of the self-concept include
physical, psychological, and social attributes,
which can be influenced by the individual's
attitudes, habits, beliefs and ideas.

• These components and attributes
can not be condensed to the general
concepts of self-image and the self-
esteem.
Self-concept is learned.
• (1) It is learned,
• (2) it is organized,
• (3) it is dynamic.
• Each of these qualities, with corollaries,
follow.
Who we are, and the actions that we may take,
is largely influenced by our external
environment
human development occurs through “progressively more
complex reciprocal interactions between an active evolving
biopsychological human organism and the persons, objects
and symbols in its immediate external environment”

(Bronfenbrenner, 2004, p. 150)


“if we want to change behaviour
we have to change environments”

(Bronfenbrenner, 1979, p. x).


process

person

context

time
Bronfenbrenner defines proximal processes which are interactions between individuals and

their environment. These occur over time and are the “primary mechanism producing human

development” (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006, p. 795) The power of such processes to

influence development is presumed, and shown, to vary substantially as a function of the

characteristics of the developing person, of the immediate and more remote environmental

contexts, and the time periods, in which the proximal processes take place (Bronfenbrenner,

1995, p. 795).
1. Microsystem
Includes the immediate surroundings of an
individual (family, school, peer group,
neighbourhood), and also one’s personal
biological make-up
Microsystems
2. Mesosystem
Composed of connections between one’s immediate
environments; i.e. – between the home and school
Mesosystems
3. Exosystem
Made up of external environmental settings that only
indirectly affect development but of which, the
individual is not part; i.e. one’s parents’ workplace
4. Macrosystem
Comprised of the larger cultural context; the values,
customs, laws, beliefs, traditions of the surrounding
culture; i.e. – national economy, Eastern/Western
culture, political culture, sub-culture
Macrosystems
5. Chronosystem
change over time; the patterning of environmental
events and transitions over the course of a life
Introduction: This is a presentation about Mager an Avatar chosen. I
will explain more in details through the ecological system theory…

• There are four systems in this theory. These include:

• MICROSYSTEMS –
– immediate family and others’ direct relationships
• MESOSYSTEMS –
– connections between Microsystem factors that impact on the
person
• EXOSYSTEMS –
– social settings
• MACROSYSTEMS –
– beliefs, cultural values, laws and customs
Avatar information:

The individual inner


• Name: Mager
• Sex: Female
• Age: 13
• Health: Chronic Diabetic
• Religion: Muslim
• Family structure: Mum and Dad separated.
• Have 2 siblings younger than her
• Social/ Emotional: limitation of eye contact/ shyness with limit words
LETS LOOK AT THIS IN MORE DETAIL
WITH MAGER’S SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL
MAP:
Macrosystem
Attitudes and Ideologies of
the culture are mot values
Ecological Map
Exosystem

Friends of family
Neighbours
and extended family

Mesosystem

Microsystem

Microsystem
family Peers
Attitudes
culture and
School ideology
Health
services
Auburn of her
trinity culture
college are most
values
Mosque group

Neighbourhoo
d play area Legal
Mass media services to
of the access her
family values rights
values Social welfare service
such as Centre link
services
Microsystem:

She goes to
Auburn Islamic
centre for sport
activities and
religious

mosque

Auburn Trinity
college

Family doctor is
a Muslim choice
by Mager
parents.

She lives in Auburn Neighbourhood play area


Peers interaction only
with family and two are mosque ,s members with Muslim girls and
siblings ages eight and
ten. and their houses. school mates.

Auburn Centre
A
Mesosystem
Mager has very positive
interaction with her mother and
extended family or siblings. The
expectation of being a girl is so
• Mager’s Mesosystem is valued her to the other siblings
may influence the same
connected with various
support from….Exosystem
• Home/interaction between
parent and siblings
Family go to parents
• Relationship of the meetings and find
out how their child
teachers progress. The family
and teachers must
very
interrelationships to
make sure the
information they
given is confident.
Mager relationships
with teacher has built
her confident of asking
questions or any
difficulties
Community and Exosystem
friends of the family Neighbours

• Exosystem of
extended family. Mass media/
influence from
family values
and school

Legal service such as to


Social welfare access her rights
services
Macrosystem
She has a very strong
values as a Muslim
young girl with bright
future for her parents.

The attitudes that influence from


family background impact on her to
enjoy with friends at the birthday

• Attitudes parties

• Values
• Culture
• Media
Her culture does not allow
her to spend time out or
go any where that family is
not aware.

If she is allow to her


freedom and go to the
night parties, others
extended family will view
her negative attitudes
towards family as failure.
The impacts of Mager’s social ecological model

– According to Urie Bronfenbrenner


was one of the most well-known
psychologists alive into his
eighties, he was still actively
engaged in an extremely long and
productive career. Bronfenbrenner
ecological psychology. Very briefly,
he suggests that:
• interactions with others and the
environment are key to
development.
– There are impacts on Mager social
interaction with her group such
visiting invitation of birthday
parties is limit to her because of
her culture and attitudes.
Chronosystem
• Patterning of environment events and transitions over
the life course. For example, Mager’s culture the mother
and father are important in child development. If the
father is missing at home, or separated with mum this
can have impact on Mager’s development.
• The separation of the parents led Mager into lack of
daily budgets and emotional needs. This is exacerbated
because of her culture, the role of the father is
important. Therefore, the ongoing conflict between
Mager’s culture and the mainstream is also a change
from what used to be.
EXAMPLES OF ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM MAP
Macrosystem
Attitudes and Ideologies of
the culture are most values

Exosystem

Friends of family
Neighbours
and extended family

Mesosystem

Microsystem

Microsystem
family Peers

Microsystems
School
Health
services
Auburn
trinity
college
Mosque group

Neighbourhoo
d play area Legal
Mass media services to
of the access her
family rights
values Social welfare service
such as Centre link
services

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