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They collide with each other and bombard the walls of the
container.
When gas molecules hit the walls of container, they produce
forces on the surface, which give rise to gas pressure.
Gas pressure
Pressure is defined as the perpendicular force exerted per unit
area.
F
P
A
Solution:
P=F/A
= 50 / (0.05 x 0.1)
= 10000 Pa
Example 1
Find the pressure exerted on the 5 kg block in each of the follo
wing cases.
10 cm
(b)
5 cm
30o
Solution:
P=F/A (F = normal reaction)
= 50 cos30o / (0.05 x 0.1)
= 8660 Pa
Example 2
The figure shows a cylinder with a 0.2 kg
piston. If the cross section area of the
cylinder is 20 cm2, and find the
pressure of the gas. Given that the
atmospheric pressure is 1.01 x 105 Pa.
Video
Experiment
Press the air pump gently to c
hange the pressure and the v
olume of the trapped gas in th
e glass tube without changing
its temperature.
Measure the pressure and the
volume of the gas.
Repeat the above step to get
more sets of pressure and vol
ume.
Results
simulation
Absolute zero
The straight line cuts the axis at
-273oC which is known as the
absolute zero of temperature.
Absolute zero is the theoretical
lowest attainable temperature.
Theoretically, the gas at absolute
zero occupies zero volume and
exerts no pressure. However, in
practice, it will liquefy before it
can reach this temperature.
Kelvin scale
When the temperature is measured in Kelvin (K), the volume of the gas
is directly proportional to its temperature shown in the figure below.
volume V
Temperature T
0
(K)
V V1 V2
V T or constant or
T T1 T2
0
Temperature T (K)
P P1 P2
P T or constant or
T T1 T2
PV P1V1 P2V2
constant or
T T1 T2
Example 4
A weather balloon contains 5 m3 of helium at the normal
atmospheric pressure of 100 k Pa and at temperature of 27 C.
What will be its volume when it rises to an altitude where the
pressure is 80 k Pa and the temperature is 7 C?
Solution:
P1V1 P2V2
By
T1 T2
(100 k)(5)/(27 + 273)
273 = (80 k)(V2) / (7 + 273)
273
V2 = 5.83 m3
Thus, its new volume is 5.83 m3
Equation of state and molar gas constant
For 1 mole of gas (i.e. 6.02 x 1023 gas particles),
PV
R
T
(same for all gases) where R is called the universal molar
gas constant.
constant R = 8.31 J mole-1 K-1
.
R = 8.31 J K-1 mol-1
Example 5
Show that the volume of 1 mole of gas occupied at s.t.p.
s.t.p is 22.4 litre
s.
Note: s.t.p. stands for standard temperature and pressure.
Standard temperature = 0oC or 273 K
Standard pressure = 1 atmospheric pressure
= 1.01 x 105 Pa
Solution
By PV = nRT
(1.01 x 105)V = (1)(8.31)(273)
V = 0.0224 m-3 or 22.4 litres
Ideal gases
An ideal gas is a gas that obeys Boyle’s law (PV is consta
nt) for all pressures and temperatures.
However, real gases such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen o
r carbon dioxide are not ideal gases but they behave like
an ideal gas at high temperature and low pressure.
pressure
Example 6
Two insulated gas cylinders A and B are co
nnected by a tube of negligible volume as
shown.
Each cylinder has an internal volume of 2 x
10-2 m3. Initially, the tap is closed and cylind
er A contains 1.2 mol of an ideal gas at a t
emperature of 37oC. Cylinder B contains th
e same ideal gas at pressure 1.2 x 105 Pa
and temperature 37 oC.
Solution:
Consider the gas in cylinder A
By PV = nRT
P(2 x 10-2) = (1.2)(8.31)(37 + 273)
P = 1.55 x 105 Pa
The pressure of gas in cylinder A is 1.55 x 105 Pa
Example 6
Two insulated gas cylinders A and B are c
onnected by a tube of negligible volume as
shown.
Each cylinder has an internal volume of 2
x 10-2 m3. Initially, the tap is closed and cyli
nder A contains 1.2 mol of an ideal gas at
a temperature of 37oC. Cylinder B contains
the same ideal gas at pressure 1.2 x 105 P 1.2 mol 0.962 mol
a and temperature 37 oC.
(b) determine the final pressure of the ga
s in the cylinder.
Solution
By PV = nRT
P(4 x 10-2) = (1.2 + 0.962)(8.31)(37 + 273)
273
P = 1.37 x 105 Pa
Example 7
There are two containers X and Y filled with the same type of ideal
gas as shown. They are connected by a tube. A steady state is
obtained with X held at 100 K and Y at 400 K. If the volume of X is
half that of Y and the mass of gas in X is m, what is the mass of gas
in Y, in terms of m?
Solution:
Let P be the pressure of the gas and V be the volume of cont
ainer X
For the gas in container Y, P(2V) = nYR(400) --- (1)
For the gas in container X, P(V) = nXR(100) --- (2)
(1)/(2):
2 = 4nY/nX
nY = ½ n X
Mass of gas in Y = ½ mass of gas in X = ½ m
Example 7 root mean square
Find (a) the mean (b) mean square, and (c) the root mean
square of 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9.
Solution:
Mean = (1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9) / 5 = 5
Mean square
= (12 + 32 + 52 + 72 + 92)/5
= (1 + 9 + 25 + 49 + 81) / 5 = 33
Root mean square = [(12 + 32 + 52 + 72 + 92)/5] ½ = 5.74
Example 8
It is given that the density of hydrogen gas at s.t.p. is 0.09 kg
m-3. Find the r.m.s. speed of hydrogen molecules.
Solution:
By P = ⅓(cr.m.s.2)
Simulation 1 Simulation 2
Maxwell distribution
Note:
Maxwell distribution is n
ot symmetric.
When temperature incre
ases, the distribution cur
ve flattens out but the ar
ea under the curve rem
ains unchanged.
Most probable speed c0: speed possessed by the most number of
molecules
3 Mm
3RT
By c r .m.s
Mm
Note:
cr.m.s. increases with temperature. c r .m. s T
cr.m.s. decreases with the mass of the molecule or molar mass
of the gas. 1
c r . m. s
Mm
Example 8
Find the root mean square speed of hydrogen molecules at
27oC.
It is given that R = 8.31 J K-1 mol-1.
Solution:
3RT
By c r .m.s
Mm
3RT
By c r .m.s
Mm
Rotational motion
1 1
Nmc nRT ⇒
2 N A m c 2
RT
3 3
Average translational kinetic energy of a molecule
1 2 3 R 3 R 23 1
= mc T kT where k 1. 38 10 JK
2 2 NA 2 NA
p = p1 + p2
Dalton’s law of partial pressures
PV = nRT
p1 p2 p
P1
n1 RT
P2
n2 RT
P
n1 n2 RT
V V V
P = P1 + P2