Steel Structure

Lecturer : Heng Piseth (MSc.)

Email : hg.piseth1@gmail.com

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 Content of Lecture

Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. Structural Steel
Chapter 3. Connection Method
Chapter 4. The Components under Axial Force
Chapter 5. The Components under Bending Moment (Beam)
Chapter 6. The Components under Bending and Axial Force
(Column)
Chapter 7. Design of Frame Connection

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Chapter 1: Introduction

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 Chapter 1: Introduction

 1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure

 1.2. The course contents of Steel Structure
 1.3. Basic design method of Steel Structure

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 Chapter 1: Introduction

 1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure

 1.2. The course contents of Steel Structure
 1.3. Basic design method of Steel Structure

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure
(1) What is steel structure?
• Steel structure is a form of engineering structure by design, manufacture
and installation of steel material.
• It is often said that steel structure is a combination of art and science.

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure
(2) The characteristics of steel structure
• Homogeneous material, high reliability
• High strength, light weight Steel is isotropic material
• Beautiful and diverse building image Concrete is anisotropic material

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure
(2) The characteristics of steel structure
• High ductility, high toughness and good seismic behaviors
• Convenience for mechanical manufacturing, high construction speed
• Renewable, recycled material

Steel is sustainable for development

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure
(2) The characteristics of steel structure
• Poor fire resistance and corrosion resistance
• High technical requirements of construction
• Slightly higher construction cost

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure
(3) The application of steel structure
• Large span buildings
Sport stadium, exhibition halls, theaters,
conference center, station, terminal,
building, hangar, etc.

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure
(3) The application of steel structure
• Long-span bridge
Highway or railway steel bridge
crossing the river, the sea or the valley.

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure
(3) The application of steel structure
• Multi-story and high-rise buildings

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure
(3) The application of steel structure
• Industrial factory buildings

 Large industrial factory building:  Light industrial factory building:

Metallurgy, petroleum, chemical, Electronics, textile, medicine,
electric power, machinery, etc. clothing, household appliances, etc.

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure
(3) The application of steel structure
• Tower and mast structure
The TV tower, antenna, electricity cable tower

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure
(3) The application of steel structure
• Vessels and piping
Silo, tank, storage tank, boiler

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure
(3) The application of steel structure
• Other special and complicated structure
Ocean platform, mobile structure,
temporary warehouse

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure
(4) Steel Structure System

Components or member:
• Rod member
• Beam
• Column
• Cable
• Membrane

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure
(4) Steel Structure System
• Rod Member: axial tension,
compression
(Truss, brace, grid)

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure
(4) Steel Structure System
• Beam Member: Bending, (might
have little compression)
(Frame, floor beam, crane girder)

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure
(4) Steel Structure System
• Column Member: Compression
and bending
(Frame, frame bent)

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure
(4) Steel Structure System
• Cable Member: Tension
(Cable in long span bridge, Cable
in space structure)

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure
(4) Steel Structure System
• Membrane Member: Overall
bending, tension and
compression in local member.
(Cover of space structure)

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure
(4) Steel Structure System

Structure types:
• Truss structure
• Frame structure
• Arch structure
• Space structure (rigid structure)
• Tension structure (flexible structure)

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure
(4) Steel Structure System
• Truss structure: Overall bending, tension and compression in local member.
(roof rafter, bridge, brace)

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure
(4) Steel Structure System
• Frame Structure: bending of beam, bending and compression of column
(single, multi-story, high-rise building)

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure
(4) Steel Structure System
• Arch Structure: compression of overall structure, bending of local members
(truss arch, thin plate arch)

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure
(4) Steel Structure System
• Space Structure (rigid): the overall bending, tension and compression of
local members
(reticulated frame, reticulated shell, arch shell)

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure
(4) Steel Structure System
• Tension structure (nonlinear): Overall bending, tension of local members
(cable, network, membrane)

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure
(4) Steel Structure System

Components or member: Structure types:

• Rod member • Truss structure
• Beam Form • Frame structure
• Column • Arch structure
• Cable • Space structure (rigid structure)
• Membrane • Tension structure (flexible structure)

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure
(5) Application prospect of steel structure

• In 2015, the world steel output is 1.62 billion, while Chinese steel
output is 803 million tons, Japan 105 million tons, India 90 million
tons, US 79 million tons, Russia 71 million tons, Korea 70 million tons
([1] according to world steel association)
• However, the use of steel structure construction is only....

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 Chapter 1: Introduction

 1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure

 1.2. The course contents of Steel Structure
 1.3. Basic design method of Steel Structure

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.2. The course contents of steel structure
(1) Basic requirements
• Theoretical Basis + Engineering experience
• The basic concept + basic theory + basic method of the steel structure
engineering
• The structural design + basic ability of analysis and calculation + the
engineering concept for construction

Several single Connected

Complex structure
components

Connected

Whole structure
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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.2. The course contents of steel structure
(1) Basic requirements
Structural Mechanics
• Analysis of structure system To get internal forces(N, M, V,...)
(Structural Analysis)

Material Mechanics
• Analysis of single component To get stress distribution (σ, τ,...)
(Strength Material)

Method Concept
• Analysis of connection To get actual design process

• Basic knowledge
- High mathematics
- Strength of materials
- Structural Analysis

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.2. The course contents of steel structure
(2) Course Contents and schedule

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 Chapter 1: Introduction

 1.1. The characteristics and application of Steel Structure

 1.2. The course contents of Steel Structure
 1.3. Basic design method of Steel Structure

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.3. Basic design method of Steel Structure
(1) The basic principle of steel structure design

a. Design objective
1. To bear all kinds of effects and meet the functional requirements.
2. Advanced technology, reasonable economy, applicable safety, quality
assurance and wonderful appearance.
b. Action (S) and Action effect (E) (Classified by their variation in time)
1. Action (Load): Permanent (Dead) Load (G) (self-weight of structure, fixed
equipment , indirect action of uneven settlement,...), Variable (Live) Load (Q)
(imposed (live) load, wind load,..), Accidental load (A) (explosion, impact
from vehicle,...)
2. Action effect: internal force, moment, stress, strain, deflection, rotation.
(Direct vs Indirect action, Fixed vs Free action, Static vs Dynamic action)

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.3. Basic design method of Steel Structure
(1) The basic principle of steel structure design

c. Resistance (R)
1. Capacity of the structure to resist external factors which is related with
structural characteristics itself.
2. Structural characteristic: structure form, sizes, dimensions and properties of
material

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.3. Basic design method of Steel Structure
(1) The basic principle of steel structure design

d. Function
1. The design reference period (usually 50 years).
2. Safety (S<R), applicability and durability.

Design working life (EN 1990:2001)

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.3. Basic design method of Steel Structure
(1) The basic principle of steel structure design
e. Design method
1. Allowable stress design method (TJ17-74, AISI-ASD)
2. Limit state design method (GB50017, AISC-LRFD, Euro Code 3)
f. Limit states
1. Performance limit state
Z>0, or R>S, Safe state
Z<0, or R<S, Failure state
Z=0, or R=S, Limit state
2. Ultimate limit state
No damage, collapse, instability, or overturning
3. Serviceability limit state
No too large deformation, durability (no crack), and vibration
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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.3. Basic design method of Steel Structure
(1) The basic principle of steel structure design
g. Random variable
• Random distribution of effect, action effect and resistance.
• Standard value, design value

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.3. Basic design method of Steel Structure
(1) The basic principle of steel structure design
h. Reliability index
• Reliability probability 𝑃𝑠 (Z=R-S > 0)
• Failure probability 𝑃𝑓 (Z=R-S < 0)

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.3. Basic design method of Steel Structure
(1) The basic principle of steel structure design
i. Structural Safety Classification

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.3. Basic design method of Steel Structure
(2) The design expressions
a. Statistical variables (that may be encountered during the design reference period)

Action, action effect, resistance:

• Mean Value (μS, μR): Most frequent
Most case
value.
• Characteristic Value (Sk, Rk): an upper
or lower value in statistical distribution.
Generally, an upper value Gk,sup should
be 95% fractile of the statical
distribution and a lower value Gk,inf
Most case
should be 5% fractile.
• Favourable (Gk,inf) and unfavourable
(Gk,sup) permanent action.
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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.3. Basic design method of Steel Structure
(2) The design expressions
a. Statistical variables (that may be encountered during the design reference period)

• Design value (Sd, Rd): worst foreseeable value according to the requirement of
safety such as (1) recommended factors for building or environment category (ψi),
(2) the partial factor of possibility of action (γf,i), (3) the partial factor of
uncertainties in modelling the action or the action effect (γSd, γRd) ,and (4) the
effects of deviations in geometrical data (ad) (e.g. inaccuracy in the load
application or location of support, and second order effects).

Design value of an action: 𝑭𝒅,𝒊 = 𝜸𝒇,𝒊 . 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒑,𝒊 = 𝜸𝒇,𝒊 . 𝝍𝒊 . 𝑭𝒌,𝒊

Design value of the effect of action: 𝑬𝒅 = 𝜸𝑺𝒅 . 𝑬 𝜸𝒇,𝒊 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒑,𝒊 ; 𝒂𝒅

𝑿𝒌,𝒊
Design value of a material or product property: 𝑿𝒅,𝒊 = 𝜼𝒊
𝜸𝒎,𝒊
𝟏 𝑿𝒌,𝒊 𝟏
Design resistance: 𝑹𝒅 = 𝑹 𝜼𝒊 ; 𝒂𝒅 = 𝑹 𝑿𝒅,𝒊 ; 𝒂𝒅
𝜸𝑹𝒅 𝜸𝒎,𝒊 𝜸𝑹𝒅 44
 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.3. Basic design method of Steel Structure
(2) The design expressions
a. Statistical variables (that may be encountered during the design reference period)

Effect of
Action

Resistance

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.3. Basic design method of Steel Structure
(2) The design expressions
b. Combination of actions (loading)

 Why need the combination of actions?

→ We need the combination of actions in order to ensure the safety, durability and
economics of the structure under different maximum expected loading scenarios.
 Combination of actions
 Combination of actions in Ultimate Limit States (ULS) is classified according to
environment condition of member (EN 1990:2001-6.4.1):
• EQU: Loss of static equilibrium of the structure or any part.
• STR: Internal failure or excessive deformation of the structure or structural
member.
• GEO: Failure or excessive deformation of the ground (Soil or Rock).
• FAT: Fatigue failure of the structure or structural members.
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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.3. Basic design method of Steel Structure
(2) The design expressions
b. Combination of actions (loading)

 Combination of actions (EN 1990:2001):

 Combination of actions in ULS: EQU, STR, GEO, and FAT.

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.3. Basic design method of Steel Structure
(2) The design expressions
b. Combination of actions (loading)

 Combination of actions:
 Combination of actions in ULS is also classified in design situation (EN 1993-
1-1:1992-2.2.1.2):
• Persistent situation: normal condition of use of the structure.
• Transient situation: during construction or repair.
• Accidental situation: during accident action occurring (Fire, Explosion,
Earthquake, Impact of vehicle, etc.).

෍ 𝛾𝐺,𝑗 . 𝐺𝑘,𝑗 + 𝛾𝑄,1 . 𝑄𝑘,1 + ෍ 𝛾𝑄,𝑖 . 𝜓0,𝑖 . 𝑄𝑘,𝑖 (For persistent and transient situation)
𝑗 𝑖>1

෍ 𝛾𝐺𝐴,𝑗 . 𝐺𝑘,𝑗 + 𝐴𝑑 + 𝜓1,1 . 𝑄𝑘,1 + ෍ 𝜓2,𝑖 . 𝑄𝑘,𝑖 (For accidental situation)

𝑗 𝑖>1
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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.3. Basic design method of Steel Structure
(2) The design expressions
b. Combination of actions (loading)
 Combination of actions:
 Combination of actions in Serviceability Limit State (SLS) is also classified in
design situation (EN 1993-1-1:1992-2.3.4.):
• Rare combination

෍ 𝐺𝑘,𝑗 + 𝑄𝑘,1 + ෍ 𝜓0,𝑖 . 𝑄𝑘,𝑖

𝑗 𝑖>1

• Frequent combination

෍ 𝐺𝑘,𝑗 + 𝜓1,1 . 𝑄𝑘,1 + ෍ 𝜓2,𝑖 . 𝑄𝑘,𝑖

𝑗 𝑖>1

• Quasi-permanent combination

෍ 𝐺𝑘,𝑗 + ෍ 𝜓2,𝑖 . 𝑄𝑘,𝑖

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𝑗 𝑖≥1
 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.3. Basic design method of Steel Structure
(3) The design codes
European Standard: Eurocode (Document related to Steel Design)
1. EN 1990: Basis of Structural Design
2. EN 1991: Actions on structures
2.1. EN 1991-1: General actions
2.1.1. EN 1991-1-1: Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings
2.1.2. EN 1991-1-2: Actions on structures exposed to fire
2.1.3. EN 1991-1-3: Snow loads
2.1.4. EN 1991-1-4: Wind actions
2.1.5. EN 1991-1-5: Thermal actions
2.1.6. EN 1991-1-6: Actions during execution
2.1.7. EN 1991-1-7: Accidental actions
2.2. EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on bridges
2.3. EN 1991-3: Actions Induced by cranes and machinery 50
 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.3. Basic design method of Steel Structure
(3) The design codes
European Standard: Eurocode (Document related to Steel Design)
2.4. EN 1991-4: Silos and tanks
3. EN 1993: Design of steel structures
3.1. EN 1991-1: General rules
3.1.1. EN 1993-1-1: General structural rules
3.1.2. EN 1993-1-2: Structural fire design
3.1.3. EN 1993-1-3: Supplementary rules for cold formed thin gauge members
and sheeting
3.1.4. EN 1993-1-4: Supplementary rules for stainless steels
3.1.5. EN 1993-1-5: Plated structural elements
3.1.6. EN 1993-1-6: Strength and stability of shell structures
3.1.7. EN 1993-1-7: Plated structures subject to out of plane loading
3.1.8. EN 1993-1-8: Design of joints 51
 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.3. Basic design method of Steel Structure
(3) The design codes
European Standard: Eurocode (Document related to Steel Design)
3.1.9. EN 1993-1-9: Fatigue
3.1.10. EN 1993-1-10: Material toughness and through-thickness properties
3.1.11. EN 1993-1-11: Design of structures with tension components
3.1.12. EN 1993-1-12: Additional rules for the extension of EN 1993 up to steel
grades S 700
3.2. EN 1993-2: Steel Bridges
3.3. EN 1993-3: Towers, masts and chimneys
3.3.1. EN 1993-3-1: Towers and masts
3.3.2. EN 1993-3-1: Chimneys
3.4.1. EN 1993-4-1: Silos
3.4.2. EN 1993-4-2: Tanks
3.4.3. EN 1993-4-3: Pipelines 52
 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.3. Basic design method of Steel Structure
(3) The design codes
European Standard: Eurocode (Document related to Steel Design)
3.5. EN 1993-5: Piling
3.6. EN 1993-6: Crane supporting structures
Other main Eurocode design:
4. EN 1992: Design of concrete structures
5. EN 1994: Design of composite steel and concrete structures
6. EN 1995: Design of timber structures
7. EN 1996: Design of masonry structures
8. EN 1997: Geotechnical design
9. EN 1998: Design of structures for earthquake resistance
10. EN 1999: Design of aluminium structures

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.3. Basic design method of Steel Structure
(3) The basic process of steel structure design
1) Structural concept
Determination of structural system, structural materials and component
layout. ( Truss structure, frame structure, arch structure, space structure,
tension structure, etc.)

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.3. Basic design method of Steel Structure
(3) The basic process of steel structure design
2) Action (load) and action effect determination
• Permanent action (self-weight, dead load, settlement,..)
• Variable action (imposed or live load, wind, crane, vehicle,..)
• Accidental action (
3) Combination of action

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 Reference
[1]. Economic Committee of World Steel Association (2016). Steel
Statistical Yearbook 2016. World Steel Association: Brussels, Belgium.
[2]. Most of images are gotten from Google.com

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