Semantic Materials

Sixth semester
compiled by: Novi Dyah
(113-14-037)
Semantics Definitions

 It is study about meaning in the phrase, clause,

sentence, even in the context.
 There are conceptual meaning, associative meaning,
denotative meaning, and connotative meaning.
 Three types of sentence’s meaning:
 Semantic features.
 Semantics roles.
 Lexical relation
 23/02/2017
Sentence, Utterance, and Proposition

 Sentence : a group of words that are put together to mean something.

The basic unit of language, expresses a complete thought, following
grammatical rules of syntax.
Simple – Compound - Complex
 Utterance : A natural unit of speech bounded by breaths or pauses.
Any sound of talk, that human produce. Usually written by quotation
mark.
 Proposition : express a declarative sentence either it’s true or not.
 Utterance (Spoken), Proposition (Judgment or Opinion)
 Examples

 Sentence
 She is clever. Ani and Andi are diligent students. She is
smart, but lazy.

 Proposition
 Sinta ate banana. Was Sinta eaten the banana?
 Utterance
 “Get out from this office, now!”
 Compare each others

 Utterance not always a sentence, it could be

phrase, fragment, exclamation word.
 A sentence could be utterance.
 Proposition can also be said utterance.
 Sentence can be said utterance, but not
necessarily vice versa.
 Example:
 Anita Loves Ryan. Must Ryan loves Anita?
 02/03/2017
Reference, Sense, and Referring Sentence

 Reference: relation between the linguistics elements, word, sentence,

and other with non linguistics word of experience.
 Sense of a word is the additional meaning attached to the word.
 A referring expression used in an utterance to refer something or
someone.
it could be: Proper name, Personal pronoun.

 Reference of the word is the object designated by the word.

 Sense relates to the complex system of relationship that hold between
the linguistics elements themselves.
 Examples

 John jokes with Lina. Referents: John and Lina.

 John has an idea. Referents: John and idea.
 “Agus hits me!”
 The speaker has a particular person in the mind: Agus.
 It is not referring expression: There is no Agus’s name in
this place.
 I have an account in the bank.
 She walks in the bank of the Nil’s river.
 Compare

 Referents could be abstract or things.

 Reference: sudah disepakati dunia.

 Example: moon is the orbit of earth.

 Kata yang sama, bisa memiliki banyak sense.

 Semua ungkapan pasti memiliki maksud namun belum tentu
memiliki reference.
 09/03/ 2017
Predicate and Universe of Discourse

 Predicate : a sequence of words can function as the predicator of a

sentence. (noun, verb, adjective, and preposition. Only has one sense.
 A predicate cold be part of referring.
 Ex: The thick dictionary was borrowed.
 Thick: predicate borrowed: predicator.
 Predicators : simple declarative sentence which does not belong to any
of referring expression and which of the remainder. (makes the most
specific contribution t o the meaning of the sentence)
 Universe of discourse could be real or fiction.
 16/03/2017

Deixis and Definiteness

 Deixis : pointing something via language.

 Deictic could be physical-social context, addressee, or
referent.

 Definiteness: selected by a speaker to convey his

assumption that there will be able to identify the
speaker’s mean.
 23/03/2017

Sense Properties and Stereotypes

 Sense, a statement or sentence with their own meaning.

 T here are three types of sense:
 A. Analytic, sentence that necessary true. Reflects agreement
between speaker and listener.
 B. Synthetic, it could be true, sometimes it could be false.
 C. Contradiction, is opposite of analytic. The sentence is necessarily
false.
Examples:
Cat is carnivore.
Jonas comes from Srilanka.
Fish can fly with wings.
 Before talking about stereotype, we need to think about prototype.
Stereotype is some characteristics from prototype. A prototype of
elephant is some actual of elephant, whereas stereotype is some
characters describe of elephant.
Example: Prototype (Cat); it is animal, Stereotype: It is mammals
with four legs. It has nice and soft fur. It likes fish.

Stereotype
1. Synonymy: two words have the same meaning. Very big=Large.
2. Hyponymy: the meaning of a word is included in that of another
3. Antonym: the opposite meaning of words. Small vs Big.

Sense relations
06/ 04/ 2017
 OPPOSITENESS OF MEANING
13/ 04/ 2017

ANTONYM IS OPPOSITENESS OF MEANING OR WE CAN SAY IT

IS A CONTRADICTION.

CONTRADICTORY IS A PROPOSITION THAT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE

BE TRUE IN THE CIRCUMSTANCE AND SAME TIME.

AMBIGOUS IS A WORD THAT HAS MORE ONE SENSE IN A

SENTENCE.
 EXAMPLES

 ANTONYM:
 CLEAN VS DIRTY .

 CONTRADICTORY
 THIS ROOM IS CLEAN IS CONTRADICTORY WITH THIS ROOM IS
DIRTY

 AMBIGUITY
 AYLA GO TO SUMATRA AND SHE SEES CYLA OR SHE CALLS ON
DAVID
 27/04/2017
LOGIC

Contradiction
Mary meets Sinta. Sinta doesn’t meet Mary.
Analytic
If Milla is there, she is there.
Logical Notation:
Milly proposed Ajun and Ajun married to Milly.
(m PROPOSE a) & (a MARRY m)
 04/05/2017

notations for simple proposition

Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia.

-> (j CAPITAL i)
Daniel Radcliff is an actor
dr =ACTOR
dr ACTOR
 18/05/2017

connective conjunction and (&) disjunction or

(v)

Tania went to school

(t GO)
 Silla and Andi swept the floor and
(s SWEEP) & (a SWEEP)
p&q = q&p
p&q = p ; p&q = q
 V comes from vel means or

 Hani is here -> h HERE

 Charlie is a teacher -> c TEACHER
 Becomes:
 (h HERE) V (c TEACHER)

 Rules: if any statement has false a statement the impact for

proposition and be false.
 Rules: if any statement has true a statement the impact for
disjunction or be true.
Derivation and Participant Roles

 Process of derivation divides in three parts:

morphological, syntactic, and semantics process.
 Morphological Process is the adding of prefix or suffix in
the pre existing words.
 Syntactic Process is changing  the part of speech.
(e.g.: from verb to noun).
 Semantics process is producing a new sense  of the
words.
EXAMPLE

 Morphological Process:
 Uninteresting, Magnify, Clearly.

 Syntactic Process:
 Wider.

 Semantic Process:
 Sleeper, keeper.
 Speech Act
(a functional unit on communication)

25/ May/ 2017

Performative utterance vs Constantive utterance

Performative utterance describes the act that is perform.

 Example:
 I promise to come on your party tomorrow.

Constantive utterance makes an assertion, often the utterance of declarative

sentence.
 Example:
 I am trying to open this window by the key.

 Example of performative: warn, admit, inform.

 Locutionary act
vs
Illocutionary act
vs
Perlucotionary act
 Sentence type:

declarative, interrogative, imperative ordering

Typical linguistic act performed by

uttering a sentence of this type:
 asserting
 asking
 ordering
 Meaning

 ILLOCUTION, carried out by a speaker making an

utterance is the act viewed in terms of the utterance’s
significance within a conventional system of social
interaction.
 PERLOCUTION, carried out by a speaker making an
utterance is the act of causing a certain effect on the
hearer and others.