 Which came first - Internet or WWW?

 Internet is a network of interconnected computers

that is now global.
 What was the state of computers in the late 1960s
and early 1970s?
 No Personal Computers –
all large mainframe
computers in late 60s
 Mid 1970s – initial
personal computers
◦ Altair: Box with blinking
lights
 Late 1970s – Apple 2, first
usable PC
 ARPANET
 1960’s – U.S Department of Defence (DoD) developed
large scale computer networks.
 Purpose – program sharing, communications and
remote computer access.
 Network should be very robust
 ARPA funded connecting a dozen of research
laboratories and universities.
 ARPANET was connection of computers at UCLA,
Stanford, UCSB, Univ. of Utah.
 ARPAnet was simple text-based communication
through e-mail.
 It was available only to laboratories and universities.
1974/1982 – Networks launched
◦ BITnet – university scientists using IBM
computers
◦ CSNet – Computer Scientists in universities,
industry and government
◦ NSFnet -
•Connected supercomputers at 5 universities
•It became available to other academic instituions and
research lab.
•in 1990, becomes backbone of modern Internet when
ARPANET is decommissioned
•Completely privatized by 1995.
 What is Internet

 Internet is a huge collection of computing devices

connected in a communication network.
 Diverse devices can communicate with each other due
to TCP/IP.
 Internet is actually a network of network.
 All the devices connected to the Internet must be
uniquely identifiable.
 IP Address

 IPv4- 32 bit address

 Classes of IP Address assigned to organizations
 IPv6 era is fast approaching
Domain Names and Conversion
 Telnet -developed as a way to connect to remote
computer
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) established
 mailto – allow messages to be sent from the user of
one computer on the internet to other users on other
computers on the internet.
 1991 - Tim Berners-Lee releases World Wide Web!
 The team proposed a new protocol for the Internet and a
system of document to access it.
 Goal was to allow scientists around the world to use
Internet to exchange documents describing their work.
 Documents, pages or resources (the unit of information
on the web)
 Hypertext, Hypermedia

Difference between Web and Internet?

 Web communication is client/server based.
 Web browser is the client
 Earlier text only browser
 Mosaic is the first GUI browser (1993)
 Browser-server communication scenarios
(i) static page
(ii) user input
(iii) execution of programs – dynamic page
Web Servers

 Servers are slave programs

 Apache, IIS are popular
 Serving information does not take more time.
 However, Displaying takes a lot of time than
serving
 Working of webserver
-daemon, port80, HTTP commands, program or
file
Web Server Characteristics

 Document root and Server root

 Virtual Document trees
 Virtual hosts
 Proxy servers
 A patchy version of httpd server
 Fast and reliable
 Open-source
 Best server in the Unix based system
 Httpd.conf, srm.conf and access.conf
(Editable using any text editor)

 Best server for Windows based

systems
 IIS-Snap in (window based
management program controls both
IIS and ftp)
URL
Scheme://object-address
Where scheme can be:
http, ftp, file, mailto, news, gopher …
Changing port number of the server
URLs cannot have embedded spaces and some
special characters like :,;,& (Use URL encoding)
URL path – complete and partial
Document root and index files
Vehicle first priority is fish.

 rtaew
 omsain
 rpac
 urott
 I don’t know
When I grow up, I want to be a ranger.

 Animal
 Vegetable
 Colour
 I don’t know
The sun setting against the horizon
makes Cairo seem magnificent

 Musical Instrument
 Texture
 Flower
 I don’t know
MIME
 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension
 Informing browser the type of data it
has to receive, so that it can render
 Was developed with Internet mail
 Format type/subtype
 Servers determine MIME type by file
extensions
 Browsers maintain a table of
extensions and MIME types
Experimental Types
 The name of an experimental type/subtype
begins with x-
 By default browsers cannot display them
 Use helper applications (external) and
plug-ins(internal)
HTTP
 Hypertext Transport Protocol
 Language of the Web
◦ protocol used for communication between web browsers and
web servers

 TCP port 80
 RFC 1945
 Consists of two phases: Request and Response
 Each HTTP communication consists of header(about)
and body(data)
HTTP Request Phase
Format :
HTTP Method Domain part of URL HTTP Version
Header fields
Blank line
Message body
HTTP Request Methods
HTTP Header Categories
 General
 Request
 Response
 Entity
HTTP Response Phase
Format :
Status Line
Response Header fields
Blank line
Response body
HTTP Status Code Series

Prior to HTTP 1.1 there were connections, now there are sessions
Web Security
 Web and Internet are fertile grounds for security
problems

Browsers and servers can be insecure

 BREAKING NEWS

Special Spy Committee formed in the

college

Revaluation Fees increased to 2000/-

No classes next week

I have not sent any message to you 

Security Issues during transit

Allowing strangers to your house

and preventing them from leaving
anything in the house or altering
anything in the house
Solutions Private key Encryption
Public key Encryption
Security Issues of the stored data
Web Programmer’s Toolbox
Overview of XHTML
Markups, tags, content and element
WIZZYWIG editors
Converting word documents into XHTML –
plugins(internal) and filters(external)
Advantages of convertors: easier conversion and
allows working with familiar tool.
Disadvantages of convertors: appearance not perfect,
increased space, version problems.