ELEVATORS

• An elevator is a type of vertical transport equipment

• Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either drive
traction cables or counterweight systems like hoist, or pump
hydraulic fluid to raise acylindrical piston like a jack.
• Because of wheelchair access laws,elevators are often a legal
requirement in new multistor buildigs,especially where wheel chair
ramps would be impractical
• A modern day lift consists of cab mounted on a platform within an
enclosed space called a shat or somethimes a “hostway”.
• Hyadraulic lifts use the principles of hydraulic to pressurize an above
ground or in ground piston to raise and ower the car.
• Roped hydraculics use a combination of both ropes and hydraulic
power to raise and lower cars.
• Hyadraulic lifts are cheaper but installing cylinders greater thena a
certain length becomes impracitcal for very high lift hostways.
• Hydraulic lifts are usually slower than traction lifts.
 Machine rom-less(MRL) Elevators.
• Machine room less elevators are designed so that most of the
components fit within the shaft containing the elevator car/and a
small cabinet houses the elevator controller. Other than the
machinery being in the hoist way the equipment is similar to a
normal traction elevator.
• Benefits
• Creates more usable space
• Use less energy(70-80% less than hydraulic elevators)
• Uses no oil
• Slightly lower cost than other elevators
• Can operate at faster speeds than hydraulics but not normal traction
• Units
 Types of hoist mechanism
• There are at least four means of moving an elevator:
1.Traction elevators
Geared and gearless traction elevators
Geared traction machines are driven by Ac or DC electric motors.
Geared machines use gears to control mechanical movement of
elevators cars by “rolling” steel hoist,ropes over a drive sheave which
is attached to agearbox driven by a high speed monitor.
These machines are generally the best optoin for basement or
overhead traction use for speeds up to 500 ft/min(2.5m/s).
Gearless traction machines are low speed, high torque electric
motors powered either by Ac or Dc. In this case the drive sheave is
directly attached to the end of the motor.Gearless traction elevators
can reach speeds of up to 2000ft/min,or even higer.A brake is
mounted between the motor and drive sheave to hold the elevagtor
stationary at a floor.
• Elevators with more than 100 ft of travel have a system called
compensation.this is a separate set of cables or a chian attached to
the bottom of the counterweight and the bottom of the elevator
cab.this makes it easire to control the elevator as it compensates
for the differing wieght of cable between the hoist and the cab
• 2.Hydraulic elecators
• Conventional hydraulic elevators.They use and underground
cylinder ,are quite common for low level building with 2-5 floors
and have speeds of up to 200 feet/minute
• Holeless hydraulic elevators were developed in the 1070’s and use a
pair of above ground cylinders,which makes it practival for
environmentally or cost sensitive building with 2,3,or 4 floors.
• Roped hydraulic elevators use both above ground cylinders and a
rope system,allowing the elevator to travel further than the piston
has to move.
• The low mechanical complexity of hydraulic elevators in comparison to traction
elevators makes them ideal for low rise,low traffic installation.they are less energy
efficient as the pump works agains garvity to push the car and its passeger
upwards;this energy is lost when the car descends on its own weight.the high
current draw of the pump when starting up also places higher demands on
building’s electrical system
• 3.traction-Hydraulic Elevators
• The traction hydraulic elevator has overhead traction cables and counterweight
but is driven by hydraulic power instead of an overhead traction motorthe weight
of the car and its passenger plus an advantageous roping ratio,reduces the
demand for m the pump to raise the conterweight,thereby reducing the size of
the required machinery.
• 4.climbing elevator
• A climbing elevator is a self ascending elvator with its own propulsion.the
propulsion can be done by an electric or a combustion engine.climbing elevators
are used in guyed masts or towers in order to make easy access to parts of these
contrruction, such as flight safety lamps for maintenance
 Elevator air conditioning

• concept:
• Elevator air conditioning is fast becoming a popular concept around the
world.the primary reason for installing an elevator air conditioner is the
comfort that it provides while travelling in the elevator.it stabilizes the
onditon of the air inside the lift car.
HEALTH
ONE OF THE BENEFITS OF INSTALING AN ELEVATOR AIR CONDITIONER IS THE
CLEAN AIR IT PROVIDES.AIR WAS TYPEICALLY DRAWN FORM THE ELEVATOR
SHAFT OR HOISTWAY INTO THE CAR USING A MOTORIZED FAN.THIS AIR
COULD COTAIN DUST ITES,GERMS AND BACTERIA.WITH AN elevator air
conditoner the air is much cleaner because it is recirculated with in the car
itseld and ifs uually filtered to remove contaminants.
A poorly maintained air conditioning system may proote the growth and
spread of microorganism,but as ling as the air conditioner is kept clean,these
health hazards can be avoided.
• Drawbacks
• Heat generated form the cooling process is dissipated into the
hoistway.the elevator cab is not air tight and some of this head will
reenter the car and reduce the overall cooling effect wheich ma be
less then ideal.
• Energy
• The air form the lobby constantly leaks into the elevator shaft due
to elevator movements as well as elevator shaft ventilation
requirements.using this conditioned air in the elevator doesnot
increase energy costs.
• However,by using an independent elevator air conditioner to
achiever better temparature control inside the car more enrgy will
be used
• Condensation
• Air conditioning poses a problem to elevarors because fo the
condenstation that occusrs.the condensed water produced has to
be disposed of;otherwise,it would create flooding in the elevator
car and hoistway
• The following are suggested inside dimensions and rated capacities;
• Office buildings:6feet 8 inches wide by 5 feet and 5 inches deep;3500pounds.
• Apartment buildings:6feet 8inches wide by 4 feet 3 inches deep;2500 pounds.
• Hostel/motels:6 feet 8 inches wide by 5feet and 5inches deep;3500 pounds
• Service elevators:5 feet 4inches wide by 8feet 5inches deep;4500 pound
• Hospital passenger elevators:6 feet 8 inches wide by 10 feet deep;6000 pounds.

• Office Buildings:
• One elevator is required for eery 45000 net usable suare feet.the ratio of the
number of floors to the
• Number of elevators should be tow to one or two and a half to one,depending on
the occupancy of the building.
• The more dense the population,the more elevaors neded
• The number os elevators in a single group should not exceed eight and no single
group should serve more
• Than 16 levels
• In building of four to eight foors a separate service elevator should be
considered.over nine floors a service elevator is virtually required
• Hotels/motels:
• Provide one elevator for every 75 rooms with a minimum of one
elevator up to three floors.do not exceed 150 feet from farthest
room to elevator.
• When room service is provided, allow for one separate service
elevator for every two passenger elevators.
• Special functions meeting rooms, or lobby areas above entry level
can increase the number of elevators.
• APATMENT /CONDOMINIUM/DORMITORY
• One elevator for every 90 units with a maximum distance of 150
feet from elevators to the most distant unit
• Urban locations or high privet units might require one elevator for
every 60 units.
• Make one eleator oversize to accommodate furniture.in buildings 10
floors or more,
• Consider a separate service elevator.
 PASSENGER ELEVATORS
• Passenger elevators should be located at the
circulation core of the building and be grouped
into banks when this is necessary and desirable.
• The required umber of elevators id determined
by
• Building type
• Building height
• Number of stops
• Floor use
• Passenger volume
 FREIGHT ELEVATORS
• A freight elevator, or good lift is an elevator designed to carry good, rather
than passengers. Freight elevators are typically large and capable of
carrying heavier loads than passenger elevator generally form 23000 ato
4500 kg. freight elevators may have manually operated door and often
have rugged interior finishes to prevent damage while loading and
unloading. Although hydraulic freight elevators exist, electric elevators are
mover energy efficient for the work of freight lifting.
• Dumbwaiter- dumbwaiters are small freight elevators that are
intended to carry food rather than passengers. They often link
kitchens with rooms on other floors.
• Paternoster- A special type fo elevator ts the paternoster,a
constantly moving chain of boxes.a similar concept called the man
lift or human lift moves only a small platform, which the rider
mounts while using a handhold and was once seen in multistory
industrial plants.
• Scissor lift- the scissor lift is yet another type of lift. As most of
these lifts are self contained these lifts can be easily moved to
where they are needed.
• Rack-and-pinion lift- The rack and pinion lift is another type of lift
.these lifts are powered by a motor driving a pinion gear.Because
they can be installed on a building or structure’s exterior and
there is no machine room or hoistway required they are the most
used type of list for building under construction.
 CONSTRUCTION
• ELEVATOR SHAFT-contain building components necessary for
the operation of elevator.its dimension depends upon
elevator model,door design and type of drive.they must have
ventilation and smoke extracting openings.
• SHAFT PIT-the bottom end of the shaft is calld pit.the depth of
the pit is meaured from the top edge of the finished floor at
the lowest elevator stop to the top edge of the finished floor
of the pit floor.the minimum required for constrction over run
and safety space stipulated by regulatons.
• The pit sits directyly on th foundation.shaft pits that are 1 to
2.5m deep must be equipped with a removable access
ladder.pits with a depth greater than 26m must have a secure
access door to a building cloor.
• SHAFT HEAD- it is the upper section of shaft
measured form the top edge of the finished floor
at the uppermost stop to the bottom edge of the
shaft ceiling.
• SHAFT ACCESS-the size of the shaft access points is
determined by the door design,while thir location
is defined by shaft symmetry.
• MACHINE ROOM-
Depending upon the type of drive machine
room is located either at the tope above the shaft or
at the bottom next to it.
 ELEVATOR CARS
• IN ADDITION TO DOORS THE SIZE OF THE ELEVATOR SHAGT IS ALSO
LARGELY DETERMIND BY THE DIMENSION OF LEVATOR CAR.
• ALL ELEVATOR CARS MUST BE WELL LIT,WITH GRID INDEPENDENT SAFETY
LIGHTS WHICH ARE BATTERY operated
• Passenger and freight elevator cars must be ventilated. Air intake and
exhaust openings must be placed to ensure sufficient diagonal and cross
ventilation.
 ESCALATORS
• An escalator is a moving staircase- a conveyer transport device
for carrying people between floor of a building.the device
consists of a motor driven chain of individual ,linked steps that
move up or down on tracks allowing the step treads to remain
horizontal.
• Escalators are used around the world to move pedestrian trafic
in places where elevators would be impractical .
• Principal areas of usage include department stores shopping
malls,airports transit systems,hotels,arenas,stadiums and public
buildings.
• The benefits of escalators are many .they have the capacity to
move large numbetrs of people, and they can be placed in the
same physical space as one might install a staircase.they can be
used to guide people toward main exits or special exhibits and
they mey be weatherproofed for outdoor use.
 INCLINE AND TRANSPORTATION HEIGHT

• Generally designed on an incline of 27.3,30,35

degrees.
• 35 degree escalator is most effective since it
requires least amount of space. This incline is
applicable to a total transportation height of 6m
• If the height is more than 6m than incline of 27.3
should be given
 TYPES
• ESCALATORS HAVE THREE TYPICAL CONFIGURATION OPTIONS:
• Parallel- up and down escalators “side by side or separated by a
distance", seen often in metro stations and multilevel motion
picture theaters
• Crisscross-minimizes structural space requirements by “stacking
escalators that go in one direction, frequently used in
department stores or shopping centers.
• Multiple Parallel-two or more escalators together that travel in
one direction next to one or two escalators in the same bank that
travel in other direction
 COMPONENT
• LANDING PLATFORMS-these two platforms house the curved sections for the tracks as
well as the gears and motors that drive the stairs.
• The top platform contains the motor assembly and the main drive gear, while the bottom
holds the step return idler sprockets. These sections also anchor the ends of the escalator
truss.
• In additional the platforms contain a floor plate and a comb plate.the floor plate provides
a place for the passengers to stand before they step onto the moving stairs. This plate is
flush with the finished floor and is either hinged or removable to allow easy access to the
machinery below. The comb plate is the piece between the stationary floor plate and the
moving step
• TRUSS: the truss is a hollow metal structure that bridges the lower and upper landings.it
is composed of two side sections joined together with cross braces acress the bottom
and just below the top. The ends of the truss are attached to the top and bottom landing
platforms via steel or concrete supports.
• Tracks-The tracks system is built into the truss to guide the step
chain, which continuously pulls the steps from the bottom
platform and back to the top in an endless loop. There are
actually two tracks one for the front wheels of the steps and one
for the back wheels of the steps. The relative move out from
under the comb plate
• Steps-the steps themselves are solid one piece, die-cast
aluminum or steel. Yellow demarcation lines may be added to
clearly indicates their edges. The steps are linked by a continuous
metal chain that forma s two wheels. The rear wheels are set
further apart to fit into the back track and the front wheels have
shorter axles to fit into the narrower front track.as described
above the position of the tracks controls the orientation of the
steps