Prueba 3 (lección 5)

Clases reinician: 1:40 pm

PrimeraEstructura
parte (L6)
 border
La frontera entre Venezuela y Colombia es vigilada por la policía.
La policía ha detenido gente por pasar la frontera ilegalmente.
has detained for crossing
La frontera es utilizada también para pasar alimentos y
productos sin pagar impuestos (taxes)

Se han organizado manifestaciones en la frontera.

demonstrations
 Se subirán los precios de los alimentos el próximo mes.
Se está buscando una solución.
Una disminución de alimentos en Cúcuta (Colombia) fue
prevista por el gobierno.
was anticipated
¿Qué pasa en la frontera entre Colombia y
Venezuela?

La gente ha sido detenida por la policía.

Animales han sido detenidos por la policía.
No ha pasado nada
¿Por qué se subirán los precios de los
alimentos?

Porque en Cúcuta hay gente con plata

Porque no se pueden pasar por la
frontera
Es falso que se subirán los precios
¿Para qué se ha usado la frontera?

Para pasar animales exóticos del

Amazonas
Para pasar alimentos sin permiso
Para viajar
The passive voice
• In the active voice (la voz activa), a person or thing (the agent) performs an action on an object (the
recipient). The agent is emphasized as the subject of the sentence. Statements in the active voice
usually follow the pattern [agent ] + [verb] + [recipient].
AGENT = SUBJECT VERB RECIPIENT = DIRECT OBJECT

El policía vigila la frontera.

The police officer guards the border.

El departamento ha detenido a diez personas.

de inmigración has detained ten people.
The department of immigration

• In the passive voice (la voz pasiva), the recipient of the action becomes the subject of the sentence.
Passive statements emphasize the thing that was done or the person that was acted upon. They
follow the pattern [recipient] + ser + [past participle] + por + [agent].
RECIPIENT = SUBJECT SER + PAST PARTICIPLE POR + AGENT

La frontera es vigilada por el policía.

The border is guarded by the police officer.

Diez personas han sido detenidas por el departamento de inmigración.

Ten people have been detained by the department of immigration.
Important details
• Note that singular forms of ser (es, ha sido, fue, etc.) are used with singular recipients, and plural
forms (son, han sido, fueron, etc.) are used with plural recipients.
– La manifestación es organizada por un grupo de activistas.
– The demonstration is organized by a group of activists.
– Los dos candidatos fueron rechazados por el comité.
– The two candidates were rejected by the committee.
• In addition, the past participle must agree in number and gender with the recipient(s).
La disminución de empleos fue prevista por el Los problemas han sido
Secretario de Economía. resueltos por el jefe.
The decline in jobs was predicted by the Secretary The problems have been
of the Treasury. resolved by the boss.

• Note that por + [agent] may be omitted if the agent is unknown or if the speaker wants to de-
emphasize that information.
Las metas fueron alcanzadas. El maltrato no ha sido eliminado.
The goals were reached. Abuse has not been eradicated.
WORKBOOK ACTIVITY
p. 65 y 66
The passive se

• The pronoun se is often used to express the passive voice when the agent
performing the action is not stated. The third-person singular verb form is used with
singular nouns, and the third-person plural form is used with plural nouns. The
passive se is used only with transitive verbs (verbs that can take a direct object).
– Se subirán los impuestos a final de año.
– Taxes will be raised at the end of the year.

• When referring to an undefined person, use the passive se and make sure the verb
agrees with the object.
Se busca secretaria bilingüe. Se necesitan voluntarios.
Bilingual secretary wanted. Volunteers needed.
The impersonal se

• Se is also used with third-person singular verbs in impersonal constructions where

the subject of the sentence is undefined. In English, the words one, people, we, you,
or they are often used for this purpose. The impersonal se is used with intransitive
verbs (verbs that cannot take a direct object).
¿Se puede vivir sin dinero? No se debe invertir todo en la bolsa
Can one live without money? de valores.
You shouldn’t invest everything in the
stock market.
Se to express unexpected events

• Se is also used to describe accidental or unplanned incidents. In this construction,

the agent is de-emphasized, implying that the incident is not his or her
responsibility.
INDIRECT OBJECT
PRONOUN VERB SUBJECT

Se me perdió el reloj.
The passive voice and constructions with se
¡ATENCIÓN!

The impersonal se can also be used with transitive verbs when

they refer to a specific person. In this case, use the personal a
and a singular verb form.
Se entrevistó al refugiado.
The refugee was interviewed.
Se entrevistó a los refugiados.
The refugees were interviewed.
• In this construction, the person(s) to whom the event happened is/are expressed as an indirect
object. What would be the direct object of the English sentence becomes the subject of the Spanish
sentence. These verbs are frequently used with se to describe unplanned events.

– Se les quedó el pasaporte en la frontera.

– They left the passport at the border.

• To clarify or emphasize the person(s) to whom the unexpected

occurrence happened, the construction sometimes begins with a +
[noun] or a + [prepositional pronoun].
– A María siempre se le olvida pagar los impuestos.
– María always forgets to pay her taxes.
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Segunda parte
Contenido cultural (L6)
IMAGINA ESPAÑA
TerceraStructure
parte (L6)
HAY DOS OPCIONES CORRECTAS…
 No creo que hayas
limpiado la
computadora.

¿Cuál crees que es la opción correcta? ¿Azul o rojo o naranja?

1. El hombre de pelo blanco no cree que el hombre de pelo rubio limpió la

computadora.

2. El hombre de pelo rubio limpió hace mucho tiempo el virus de la

computadora e instaló recientemente un programa antivirus.

3. El hombre de pelo rubio limpió recientemente el virus de la

computadora e instaló recientemente un programa antivirus
No creo que hayas
vivido en Inglaterra.

¿Cuál crees que es la opción correcta? ¿Azul o rojo o naranja?

1. Pero la mujer de la izquierda no cree que la mujer de la derecha haya

vivido en Inglaterra.
2. La mujer de la derecha vivió en Inglaterra en el pasado pero la
información es relevante ahora.
3. La mujer de la derecha vive todavía en Inglaterra.
 Me he metido en
No creo que te la piscina
hayas metido
metido la
piscina

¿Cuál crees que es la opción correcta? ¿Azul o rojo o naranja?

1. El oso se metió a la piscina recientemente.

2. El conejo cree que el oso se metió a la piscina recientemente.

3. El conejo no cree que el oso se haya metido a la piscina recientemente.

HAY UNA OPCÍON CORRECTA…
A: “Aquella mañana yo había preparado la cena.”
B: “No es verdad que aquella mañana tu hubieras preparado la cena.”

Según B, la cena está preparada.

Según B, la cena nunca fue preparada.
The present perfect subjunctive

• The present perfect subjunctive (el pretérito perfecto del

subjuntivo) is formed with the present subjunctive of haber
and a past participle.

• The present perfect subjunctive is used to refer to recently completed

actions or past actions that still bear relevance in the present. It is used
mainly in the subordinate clause of a sentence whose main clause
expresses will, emotion, doubt, or uncertainty.

Present perfect indicative Present perfect subjunctive

Luis ha dejado de usar su tarjeta No creo que Luis haya dejado de usar su tarjeta de
de crédito. crédito.
Luis has stopped using his I don’t think Luis has stopped using his credit card.
credit card.
• Note the different contexts in which you must use the
subjunctive tenses you have learned so far.
Present subjunctive Present perfect subjunctive Past subjunctive

Las empresas multinacionales buscan
empleados que hablen varios idiomas.
Multinational companies are looking
for employees who speak several
languages.
Prefieren contratar a los que
hayan viajado al extranjero.
They prefer to hire those who
have traveled abroad.
Antes, casi todas insistían en que los
solicitantes tuvieran cinco años de
experiencia.
In the past, almost all of them insisted
that applicants have five years of
experience.

¡ATENCIÓN!

In a multiple-clause sentence, the choice of tense for the verb in the subjunctive
depends on when the action takes place in each clause. The present perfect
subjunctive is used primarily when the action of the main clause is in the present
tense, but the action in the subordinate clause is in the past.
The past perfect subjunctive

• The past perfect subjunctive (el pretérito pluscuam-perfecto del

subjuntivo) is formed with the past subjunctive of haber and a past
participle.

• The past perfect subjunctive is used in subordinate clauses under the same conditions as
other subjunctive forms, and in the same way the past perfect is used in English (I had talked,
you had spoken, etc.). It refers to actions or conditions that had taken place before another
past occurence.

Le molestó que su novio no hubiera renovado su A pesar de que nos mostró su currículum, dudábamos
pasaporte. que el solicitante hubiera trabajado con una ONG.
She was annoyed that her boyfriend hadn’t renewed his Despite what it said on his résumé, we doubted that the
passport. applicant had worked with an NGO.
• When the action in the main clause is in the past, both the past
subjunctive and the past perfect subjunctive can be used in the
subordinate clause. Note, however, how the sequence of events differs.

Past subjunctive Past perfect subjunctive

Tú no pensabas que la computadora Tú no pensabas que la computadora

costara tanto, ¿verdad?
You didn’t think the computer
would (was going to) cost so much,
right?
La empresa buscó una persona que
viviera en la zona.
The company looked for a person who
lived (was living) in the area.
hubiera costado tanto, ¿verdad?
You didn’t think the computer (had
already) cost so much, right?
La empresa buscó una persona que
hubiera vivido en la zona.
The company looked for a person
who had lived in the area.
Past perfect
subjunctive
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ACTIVIDAD DEL WORKBOOK
página 67 y 68
Oral exam (Schedule)