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Lecture 9
Transformers, Per Unit Calculations
1
In the News: GM Volt
actual quantity
quantity in per unit
base value of quantity
3
Per Unit Conversion Procedure, 1f
5
Per Unit Example
Solve for the current, load voltage and load power
in the circuit shown below using per unit analysis
with an SB of 100 MVA, and voltage bases of
8 kV, 80 kV and 16 kV.
Original Circuit
6
Per Unit Example, cont’d
8kV 2
Z BLeft 0.64
100 MVA
80kV 2
Z BMiddle 64
100 MVA
2
16kV
Z BRight 2.56
100 MVA
1.00
I 0.22 30.8 p.u. (not amps)
3.91 j 2.327
VL 1.00 0.22 30.8
p.u.
2
VL
SL
VL I L* 0.189 p.u.
Z
SG 1.00 0.2230.8 30.8p.u.
8
Per Unit Example, cont’d
VLActual
0.859 30.8 16 kV 13.7 30.8 kV
S LActual 0.1890 100 MVA 18.90 MVA
SGActual 0.2230.8 100 MVA 22.030.8 MVA
100 MVA
I Middle
B 1250 Amps
80 kV
Middle 0.22 30.8 Amps 275 30.8
I Actual
9
Three Phase Per Unit
11
Three Phase Per Unit Example
12
3f Per Unit Example, cont'd
1.00
I 0.22 30.8 p.u. (not amps)
3.91 j 2.327
VL 1.00 0.22 30.8
p.u.
2
VL
SL *
VL I L 0.189 p.u.
Z
SG 1.00 0.2230.8 30.8p.u.
14
3f Per Unit Example 2
17
Transformer Reactance
LTC
Radiators
W/Fans
115 – 35 kV distribution transformer
Source: Tom Ernst, Minnesota Power 19
230/115 kV Transformer
Oil Cooler
Oil
Radiators
pump
W/Fans
Source: Tom Ernst, Minnesota Power 20
Three Phase Transformers
D-Y Y-D
22
Y-Y Connection
24
Y-Y Connection: Per Phase Model
26
D-D Connection: 3f Detailed Model
29
D-Y Connection V/I Relationships
VAB VAB
a, Van Vab 3 Van30
Van a
VAB 30 VAn30
Hence Vab 3 and Van 3
a a
For current we get
I AB 1
I a a I AB
I ab a
1
I A 3 I AB 30 I AB I A30
3
1
a a I A30
3
30
D-Y Connection: Per Phase Model
32
Load Tap Changing Transformers
34
ComED Control Center
35
ComED Phase Shifter Display
36
Autotransformers
37