Dasar Listrik Arus Bolak-Balik

Dasar Rangkaian Arus Bolak-Balik
THOMAS L. FLOYD
DAVID M. BUCHLA
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Gelombang Sinus
Tegangan atau arus bolak-balik adalah berbentuk
gelombang sinus.
Electrical sine waves are

named from the
mathematical function
with the same shape.

Chapter 8
A wave is a disturbance. Unlike water waves, electrical

waves cannot be seen directly but they have similar
characteristics. All periodic waves can be constructed from
sine waves, which is why sine waves are fundamental.

Chapter 8
Sine waves
Sine waves are characterized by the amplitude and period.
The amplitude is the maximum value of a voltage or current;
the period is the time interval for one complete cycle.
20 V
15 V
The amplitude (A) 10 V
A
of this sine wave
t (s)
is 20 V 0V
0 25 37.5 50.0
The period is 50.0 s -10 V

-15 V
-20 V
T
Chapter 8
Sine waves
The period of a sine wave can be measured between
any two corresponding points on the waveform.
TT T T
A
T T
By contrast, the amplitude of a sine wave is only

measured from the center to the maximum point.
Chapter 8
Frequency
Frekuensi ( f ) adalah jumlah gelombang sinus yang
terjadi dalam 1 detik.
Satuan frekuensi adalah hertz (Hz).
If 3 cycles of a wave occur in one second, the frequency

is 3.0 Hz 1.0 s

Chapter 8
Period and frequency
The period and frequency are reciprocals of each other.
1 1
f  and T 
T f
Thus, if you know one, you can easily find the other.
(The 1/x key on your calculator is handy for converting between f and T.)
If the period is 50 s, the frequency is 0.02 MHz = 20 kHz.

Chapter 8
Sinusoidal
Cara membangkitkan
voltage sources
gelombang sinus
Sinusoidal voltages are produced by ac generators and
electronic oscillators.
When a conductor rotates in a constant magnetic
field, a sinusoidal wave is generated.
N B D S
A B C D
A
Motion of conductor Conduc tor

When the Whenlooptheisconductor is moving parallel
moving perpendicular with
to the
lines of the lines
flux, theofmaximum
flux, no voltage is induced.
voltage is induced.
Chapter 8
AC generator (alternator)
Generators convert rotational energy to electrical energy. A
stationary field alternator with a rotating armature is shown.
The armature has an induced voltage, which is connected
through slip rings and brushes to a load. The armature loops
are wound on a magnetic core (not shown for simplicity).
Small alternators may use a

permanent magnet as shown N S
here; other use field coils to
produce the magnetic flux.
brushes
arm ature
slip rings

Chapter 8
AC generator (alternator)
By increasing the number of poles, the number of cycles
per revolution is increased. A four-pole generator will
produce two complete cycles in each revolution.

Chapter 8
Readout
Function generators
Typical controls:
Function selection
Frequency
Range
Adjust Outputs
Output level (amplitude)
Duty cycle
DC offset CMOS output
Sine Square Triangle

Chapter 8
Sine wave voltage and current values
There are several ways to specify the voltage of a

sinusoidal voltage waveform. The amplitude of a sine
wave is also called the peak value, abbreviated as VP for
a voltage waveform. 20 V
15 V
10 V
VP
The peak voltage of
0V t (s)
this waveform is 20 V. 0 25 37.5 50.0
-10 V
-15 V
-20 V

Chapter 8
The voltage of a sine wave can also be specified as

either the peak-to-peak or the rms value. The peak-to-
peak is twice the peak value. The rms value is 0.707
times the peak value. 20 V
15 V
The peak-to-peak 10 V
Vrms
voltage is 40 V. t (s)
0V
0 VPP 25 37.5 50.0
The rms voltage
-10 V
is 14.1 V.
-15 V
-20 V

Chapter 8
For some purposes, the average value (actually the half-

wave average) is used to specify the voltage or current.
By definition, the average value is as 0.637 times the
peak value. 20 V
15 V
10 V
The average value for Vavg
the sinusoidal voltage 0V t (s)
0 25 37.5 50.0
is 12.7 V.
-10 V
-15 V
-20 V

Chapter 8
Angular measurement
Angular measurements can be made in degrees (o) or
radians. The radian (rad) is the angle that is formed when
the arc is equal to the radius of a circle. There are 360o or
2p radians in one complete revolution.
1.0
0.8
R 0.6
0.4
0.2
R 0 0 p p 3p p 5p 3p 7p 2p
-0.2 4 2 4 4 2 4
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0

Chapter 8
Angular measurement
There are 2p radians in one complete revolution and 360o
in one revolution. To find the number of radians, given
the number of degrees: 2p rad
rad   degrees
360
p rad
This can be simplified to: rad   degrees
180
To find the number of degrees, given the number of

radians: 180
deg   rad
p rad

Chapter 8
Angular measurement
How many radians are in 45o?
p rad
rad   degrees
180
p rad
=  45  0.785 rad
180
How many degrees are in 1.2 radians?

180
deg   rad
p rad
180
  1.2 rad = 69
p rad

Chapter 8
Sine wave equation
Instantaneous values (nilai sesaat) of a wave are shown

as v or i. The equation for the instantaneous voltage (v)
of a sine wave is
v  V p sin 
where
Vp = Peak voltage
 = Angle in rad or degrees
If the peak voltage is 25 V, the instantaneous

voltage at 50 degrees is 19.2 V
Chapter 8
Sine wave equation

A plot of the example in the previous slide (peak at
25 V) is shown. The instantaneous voltage at 50o is
19.2 V as previously calculated.
90
Vp Vp = 25 V
v = Vp sin = 19.2 V
= 50
0 50
Vp

Chapter 8
Phasors
The sine wave can be represented as the projection of a
vector rotating at a constant rate. This rotating vector is
called a phasor. Phasors are useful for showing the
phase relationships in ac circuits.
90
180 0 0 90 180 360

Chapter 8
Phase shift
(sudut fasa)
The phase of a sine wave is an angular measurement
that specifies the position of a sine wave relative to a
reference. To show that a sine wave is shifted to the
left or right of this reference, a term is added to the
equation given previously.
v  VP sin   f 
where
f = Sudut fasa

Chapter 8
Phase shift Example of a wave that lags the

reference …and the equation
Referenc e has a negative phase
40 shift
30 Peak voltage
20 v = 30 V sin ( - 45o)
Voltage (V)
10
0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 405
-20
-30 Notice that a lagging sine
- 40 wave is below the axis at 0o
Angle ()

Chapter 8
Phase shift Example of a wave that leads the

reference
Notice that a leading sine
Referenc e
40
wave is above the axis at 0o
30 Peak voltage
20
v = 30 V sin ( + 45o)
Voltage (V)
10
-45 0 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360

-10
-20 …and the equation
-30 has a positive phase
-40
shift
Angle ()

Chapter 8
Phase shift
An important application of phase-shifted sine waves is in
electrical power systems. Electrical utilities generate ac with
three phases that are separated by 120° as illustrated.
Normally, 3-phase power is delivered to the user with three hot lines plus
neutral. The voltage of each phase, with respect to neutral is 120 V.
120o 120o 120o

Chapter 8
Power in resistive AC circuits

The power relationships developed for dc circuits apply
to ac circuits except you must use rms values in ac
circuits when calculating power.
For example, the dc and the ac sources
The power formulas are: produce the same power to the bulb:
P  Vrms I rms 120 Vdc
2 0V
Vrms
P ac or dc
R source
Bulb
170 Vp
P  I rms
2
R = 120 Vrms
0V

Chapter 8
Power in resistive AC circuits

Assume a sine wave with a peak value of 40 V is
applied to a 100 W resistive load. What power is
dissipated? 40
30
20
Voltage (V)
10
0
-1 0
-2 0
-3 0
- 40
Vrms = 0.707 x Vp = 0.707 x 40 V = 28.3 V

2
Vrms 28.3 V 2
P   8W
R 100 W
Chapter 8
Alternators
Alternators are ac generators. Utility companies use 3-phase
alternators and deliver all three phases to industrial
customers. A simplified 3-phase alternator is illustrated.
Phase 1
N Neutral
Phase 2
Phase 3

Chapter 8
Alternators
In vehicles, alternators generate ac, which is converted to dc
for operating electrical devices and charging the battery. A
basic vehicle alternator is illustrated. AC is more efficient to
produce and can be easily regulated, Housing
hence it is generated and converted to Stator coils

dc by diodes.
Rotor
The output is taken from the
rotor through the slip rings. Diode plate
Diodes Slip rings

Chapter 8
AC Motors
There are two major classifications of ac motors. These are
the induction motor and the synchronous motor. Both
types use a rotating field in the stator windings.
Induction motors work because current is induced in the rotor by the
changing current in the stator. This current creates a magnetic field that
reacts with the moving field of the stator, which develops a torque and
causes the rotor to turn.
Synchronous motors have a magnet for the rotor. In small motors, this
can be a permanent magnet, which keeps up with the rotating field of the
stator. Large motors use an electromagnet in the rotor, with external dc
supplied to generate the magnetic field.

Chapter 8
Vertical section Display section
Signal coupling Volts/Di v
Oscilloscopes The oscilloscope is divided into
AC From Analog
Amp
four main sections.
DC GND vertic al only
Ch 1 Conversion/storage
Vertical section sec tion
(Digital scopes only)
Signal coupling Volts/Di v Intensity
AC Vertical Digital Display section
DC GND
Amp
only To display sec tion
Ch 1
position (Digital
Conversion/storage
scopes only)
AC
Vertical Amp Analog
DC GND position
Ch 2
Trigger section AC
DC GND
Amp
Horizontal From horizontal sec tion
only
Conversion/storage
Ch 2 Intensity
Conversion/storage
(Digital scopes only) section
Digital
External trigger Trigger only
coupling source Trigger

Horizontal Control and proc ess
Trigger section section level and
AC
External trigger Trigger
slope
External coupling source Trigger Ch 2 Control and process
trigger DC Ch 1 level and Sec/Div
External
AC
DC Ch 2
slope
Sec /Div
Trigger
trigger Ch 1
Ext TimeTime base
circuits
Trigger
circuits base
Ext
Line Line Horizontal
Horizontal
position
position
AC
Power supply
AC
DC to all sec tions

Vertical section
Chapter 8 Signal coupling Volts/Di v
AC
Amp
Display section
DC GND
Vertical Analog
position only
AC
Amp
DC GND Intensity
Digital
only
Horizontal
Trigger section section
External trigger Trigger
coupling source Trigger Control and process
level and (Digital scopes only)
AC slope
External Ch 2 Sec /Div
trigger DC Ch 1
Trigger
circuits Time base
Ext
Line Horizontal
position
AC
Power supply
DC to all sec tions
ElectronicsFundamentals
Electronics Fundamentals edition8th © 2010©Pearson Education,
Copyright 2007 Upper Saddle
Prentice-Hall
Floyd/Buchla
Circuits, Devices and Applications - Floyd River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8
Oscilloscopes Display Vertical Horizontal

Trigger
VERTICAL
VERTICAL HORIZONTAL
HORIZONTAL TR
TIGGER
RIGGER
CH
CH11 CH
CH22 BOTHH
BOT SLOPE
SLOPE
ÐÐ ++
POSITION
POSITION POSITION
POSITION POSITION
POSITION LEVEL
LEVEL
VOLTS/DIV
VOLTS/DIV VOLTS/DIV
VOLTS/DIV SEC/DIV
SEC/DIV SOURCE
SOURCE
CH
CH11
CH
CH22
EXT
EXT
55VV 22mmVV 55VV 22mmVV 55s s 55nsns
LINE
LINE
COUPLING
COUPLING COUPLING
COUPLING
AC-DC-GND
AC-DC-GND AC-DC-GND
AC-DC-GND TR
TIG
RIGCOUP
COUP
DC
DC AC
AC
DISPLAY
DISPLAY RR
PPOB EECOMP CH
OB
55VV
COMP CH11 CH
CH22 EXT
EXTTRIG
TRIG
INT
INTENSIT
ENSITYY

Chapter 8
Selected Key Terms
Sine wave A type of waveform that follows a cyclic
sinusoidal pattern defined by the formula
y = A sin .
Alternating Current that reverses direction in response to a
current change in source voltage polarity.
Period (T) The time interval for one complete cycle of a

periodic waveform.
Frequency (f) A measure of the rate of change of a periodic
function; the number of cycles completed in 1 s.
Hertz The unit of frequency. One hertz equals one
cycle per second.
Chapter 8
Selected Key Terms
Instantaneous The voltage or current value of a waveform at
value a given instant in time.
Peak value The voltage or current value of a waveform at

its maximum positive or negative points.
Peak-to-peak The voltage or current value of a waveform
value measured from its minimum to its maximum
points.
rms value The value of a sinusoidal voltage that indicates
its heating effect, also known as effective
value. It is equal to 0.707 times the peak value.
rms stands for root mean square.
Chapter 8
Selected Key Terms
Radian A unit of angular measurement. There are 2p
radians in one complete 360o revolution.
Phase The relative angular displacement of a time-varying
waveform in terms of its occurrence with respect to
a reference.
Amplitude The maximum value of a voltage or current.
Pulse A type of waveform that consists of two equal and

opposite steps in voltage or current separated by a
time interval.
Harmonics The frequencies contained in a composite
waveform, which are integer multiples of the pulse
repetition frequency.

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Dasar Rangkaian Arus Bolak-Balik

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Electrical sine waves are

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

A wave is a disturbance. Unlike water waves, electrical

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

The period is 50.0 s -10 V

By contrast, the amplitude of a sine wave is only

If 3 cycles of a wave occur in one second, the frequency

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Period and frequency

The period and frequency are reciprocals of each other.

If the period is 50 s, the frequency is 0.02 MHz = 20 kHz.

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Motion of conductor Conduc tor

Small alternators may use a

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Sine Square Triangle

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Sine wave voltage and current values

There are several ways to specify the voltage of a

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Sine wave voltage and current values

The voltage of a sine wave can also be specified as

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Sine wave voltage and current values

For some purposes, the average value (actually the half-

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

To find the number of degrees, given the number of

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

How many degrees are in 1.2 radians?

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Sine wave equation

Instantaneous values (nilai sesaat) of a wave are shown

If the peak voltage is 25 V, the instantaneous

Sine wave equation

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

180 0 0 90 180 360

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Phase shift Example of a wave that lags the

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Phase shift Example of a wave that leads the

-45 0 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Power in resistive AC circuits

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Power in resistive AC circuits

Vrms = 0.707 x Vp = 0.707 x 40 V = 28.3 V

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

hence it is generated and converted to Stator coils

Diodes Slip rings

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

coupling source Trigger

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Oscilloscopes Display Vertical Horizontal

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle

Period (T) The time interval for one complete cycle of a

Peak value The voltage or current value of a waveform at