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INTERNATIONAL
ARRANGEMENTS
ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
Some countries create business opportunities for
themselves by integrating their economies in
order to avoid unnecessary competition among
themselves and also for other countries. It is
known as economic integration.
It varies in degrees among the world economies.
They are:
Free Trade Area
Custom Union
Common Market
Economic union
Free Trade Area
If a group of countries agree to abolish all trade
restrictions and barriers among or charge low
rates of tariffs in carrying out international
trade, such group is called ‘Free trade area’.
Custom Union
The member countries of custom union
have two basic features:
They remove all the barriers on trade and charge
low rate of tariffs among themselves
They adopt a uniform commercial policy with
regard to non members countries.
Common Market
It has three basic features. They are:
All member countries remove all the barriers on trade
and charge low rate of tariffs among themselves
They adopt a uniform commercial policy with regard to
non members countries.
They allow free movement of human resource and
capital among countries.
Economic Union
It has four basic features. They are:
All member countries remove all the barriers
on trade and charge low rate of tariffs among
themselves
They adopt a uniform commercial policy with
regard to non members countries.
They allow free movement of human resource and
capital among countries.
They achieve uniformity in monetary policy and fiscal
policy among the member countries.
SOME EXISTING ECONOMIC
INTEGRATION
World Trade Organization (WTO)
European Union (EU)
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation (SAARC)
Asiapacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
(WTO)
Came into force on Jan 1st 1995
153 member countries (as on March
2011)
Designed to play the role of
Watchdog of International Trade
It is essentially an extension of GATT.
It is a permanent institution
Acts as a management consultant
for world trade
Arrange the implementation,
administration and operations of
multilateral trade agreements
Handling trade disputes
They deal with:
Agriculture, textiles and clothing, banking,
telecommunications, government purchases, industrial
standards and product safety, food sanitation regulations,
intellectual property, and much more.
Cooperates with other international institutions
like IMF & IBRD
Oversees the national trade policies of member
govt.
Examines regularly the trade regimes of
individual member countries
November 1993
27 member states at present
23 Official languages
Euro is adopted as uniform
currency by 17 countries
European council is the
main administrative body of
the EU.
There are Court of justice,
Court of audit, Monetary
committee and Economic &
Social committee for the
functioning of EU.
Activities of EU
Setting up common market by removal of tariff
Promoting economic and social progress
Formulation of common custom tariff and trade policy with regard
to non member countries
Formulation of common policy in the area of agriculture &
transport
Abolition of obstacles for movement of persons, services and capital
among members countries
Introducing common currency to facilitate financial activities
Establishment of European Investment Bank for mobilization of
resources
27 MEMBER COUNTRIES
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxemburg, Malta,
Netherlands, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and
the United Kingdom.
Began on January 1, 1994
Among Canada ,the United
States and Mexico
To develop trade among member
countries and creating new
business opportunities specially
in Mexico
World’s largest freetrade area
Residents of one NAFTA country
can invest in any other NAFTA
countries freely.
Improve & consolidate political
relationship among member
countries.
Established on August 8th,
1993
To encourage inflow of foreign
investment into this region
They have the determination
to develop Southeast Asia a
nuclear weapons free are and
a zone of peace, freedom and
neutrality
10 member countries
Brunei Darussalam,
Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos,
Malaysia, Myanmar,
Philippians, Singapore,
Thailand, and Vietnam
SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR
REGIONAL COOPERATION (SAARC)
• Established in December 8th 1985
• 7 Members are: India, Bangladesh,
Bhutan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka,
Maldives Nepal, Afghanistan
• Objective of SAARC
• To improve the quality of life &
welfare of the people of the
member countries.
•To enhance the self reliance of
the member countries jointly.
•To develop the region socially,
economically and culturally.
Council of SAARC is the highest policy making body
represented by the heads of the Govt. of the member
countries. There are 3 committees of SAARC
•Standing Committee consist of foreign secretaries of
member govt.
•Programming Committee includes the senior officials of
the member Govt.
•Technical Committee comprise the representative of all
member countries.
ASIAPACIFIC ECONOMIC
COOPERATION
(APEC)
Established in 1989
To reduce tariff and other trade barriers
across the Asia Pacific region
Consist more than 1/3rd of the world’s
population 92.6 billion people)
Approx 60% of world GDP
About 47% of world trade
Nearly 70% of global economic growth
in its first 10 years
21 Members
economies
Australia, Canada,
Chile, China, Hong
Kong, Indonesia,
Japan, Republic of
Korea, Malaysia,
Mexico, New Zealand,
Guinea, Philippines,
The Russian
Federation,
Singapore, Thailand,
USA, Vietnam,
Chinese Taipei