Jet Propulsive Devices

Principal and operation: A jet engine is an engine that discharges a fast moving
jet of fluid to generate thrust in accordance with
Newton's third law of motion.
 In the stratosphere (between 11 and 30 km altitude) To is
Thermal Efficiency approximately 217 K. Current aircraft gas turbines have peak
temperatures near 1500 K, so that efficiency is
approximately 0.85

Automotive and stationary gas turbines generally have

peak temperatures below 1300 K, for reasons of cost and
durability, and they reject heat at about 300 K, so for them
eff. is about 0.77

The engine performance parameters are identified as:

1. Propulsive efficiency
2. Thermal efficiency
3. Propeller efficiency
4. Overall efficiency
5. Takeoff thrust
6. Specific fuel consumption
7. Aircraft range
 in 1897 De Laval De Laval impulse
developed the impulse turbine, 1897
steam turbine

Hero's aeolipile, 100 B.C

JET ENGINE
Contents
• History
• Types of Jet engines
• Major components
• Working
• Advanced Jet planes
History of Jet Engines
• Sir Isaac Newton in the 18th century was the first to theorize that
a rearward-channeled explosion could propel a machine forward at a great
rate of speed. This theory was based on his third law of motion.
As the hot air blasts backwards through the nozzle the plane moves forward.

• Henri Giffard built an airship which was powered by the first aircraft engine,
a three-horse power steam engine. It was very heavy, too heavy to fly.

• In 1874, Felix de Temple, built a monoplane that flew just a short hop
down a hill with the help of a coal fired steam engine.

• Otto Daimler in the late 1800's, invented the first gasoline engine.
• In 1903, the Wright Brothers flew, "The Flyer", with a 12 horse power gas
powered engine.

• From 1903, the year of the Wright Brothers first flight,

to the late 1930s the gas powered reciprocating internal-combustion engine
with a propeller was the sole means used to propel aircraft.

• It was Frank Whittle, a British pilot, who designed the first turbo jet engine
in 1930.The first Whittle engine successfully flew in April, 1937.
This engine featured a multistage compressor, and a combustion chamber,
a single stage turbine and a nozzle.

• The first jet airplane to successfully use this type of engine was the
German Heinkel He 178 invented by Hans Von Ohain.
It was the world's first turbojet powered flight.
The W2/700 engine flew in the
Gloster E.28/39, the first British
aircraft to fly with a turbojet
engine, and the Gloster Meteor.
A jet engine is an engine that
discharges a fast moving jet of fluid to
generate thrust in accordance with
Newton's third law of motion.
Types Of Jet engines
•Water Jets
•Motor Jets
•Turbo jets
•Turbo fans
•Rockets
•Ramjets
TURBO JET ENGINES

Working principle
Jet engines are also called as gas turbines. The engine sucks air
in at the front with a fan. A compressor raises the pressure of
the air. The compressed air is then sprayed with fuel and an
electric spark lights the mixture. The burning gases expand and
blast out through the nozzle, at the back of the engine. As the
jets of gas shoot backward, the engine and the aircraft are
thrust forward.
Major components
• Air intake
• Compressors
• Combustors
• Turbines
• Nozzles
• Fuel system
• Cooling system
Intermediate components

• Turbo pumps
• Afterburners( reheat)
• Thrust reversers
AIR INTAKE
Fan-The fan is a first component in a turbo fan.
The large spinning fan sucks in large quantity of
air. Most of the fan blades are made up of titanium.
It then speeds this air up and splits it into two
parts. One part continues through the “core” or
center of the jet engine, where it is acted upon by
other jet engine components.
The second part “bypasses” the core of the
jet engine. It goes through a duct which
surrounds the core to the back of jet engine
where it produces much of force that propels
the airplane forward. This cooler air helps to
quiet the jet engine as well as adding thrust
to the jet engine.
Compressor - The compressor is the first
component in the jet engine core.
The compressor is made up of fans with many
blades and attached to a shaft. The compressor
squeezes the air that enters it into progressively
smaller areas, resulting in an increase in the air
pressure. This results in an increase in the energy
potential of the air. The squashed air is forced into
the combustion chamber.
Combustor - In the combustor the air is mixed with fuel
and then ignited. There are as many as 20 nozzles
to spray fuel into the air stream. The mixture of air and
fuel catches fire. This provides a high temperature,
high-energy airflow. The fuel burns with the oxygen
in the compressed air, producing hot expanding gases.
The inside of the combustor is often made of ceramic
materials to provide a heat-resistant chamber.
The heat can reach 2700°.
Turbine - The high-energy airflow coming
out of the combustor goes into the turbine,
causing the turbine blades to rotate. The turbines
are linked by a shaft to turn the blades in the
compressor and to spin the intake fan at the front.
This rotation takes some energy from the high-energy
flow that is used to drive the fan and the compressor.
The gases produced in the combustion chamber move
through the turbine and spin its blades.
The turbines of the jet spin around thousands of
times. They are fixed on shafts which have
several sets of ball-bearing in between them.
Nozzle - The nozzle is the exhaust duct of the
jet engine. This is the jet engine part which actually
produces the thrust for the plane. The energy depleted
airflow that passed the turbine, in addition to the colder
air that bypassed the engine core, produces a force
when exiting the nozzle that acts to propel the engine,
and therefore the airplane, forward. The combination of
the hot air and cold air are expelled and produce an
exhaust, which causes a forward thrust.
The nozzle may be preceded by a mixer, which
combines the high temperature air coming from the jet
engine core with the lower temperature air that was
bypassed in the fan. The mixer helps to make the jet
engine quieter.
Variable Exhaust Nozzle,
on the GE F404-400 low-
bypass turbofan installed
on a Boeing F-18
Turbopumps
Turbo pumps are centrifugal pumps which are spun
by gas turbines and are used to raise the propellant
pressure above the pressure in the combustion
chamber so that it can be injected and burnt.
Turbo pumps are very commonly used with rockets,
but ramjets and turbojets also have been known to use
them.
 Afterburners (reheat)
Due to temperature limitations with the gas turbines,
jet engines do not consume all the oxygen in the air
('run stochiometric'). Afterburners burn the remaining
oxygen after exiting the turbines, but usually do so
inefficiently due to the low pressures existing at this
part of the jet engine; however this gains thrust, which
can be useful.
Thrust reversers
Thrust reversal, also called reverse
thrust, is the temporary diversion of
an aircraft engine's exhaust or
changing of propeller pitch so that
the thrust produced is directed
forward, rather than aft. This acts
against the forward travel of the
aircraft, providing deceleration.
Fuel system
Apart from providing fuel to the engine,
the fuel system is also used to control
propeller speeds, compressor airflow
and cool lubrication oil. Fuel is usually
introduced by an atomized spray, the
amount of which is controlled
automatically depending on the rate of
airflow.
. It also increases the energy extracted
by the turbine which drives the
compressor even faster and so there is
an increase in air flowing into the
engine as well.
Cooling system
Cooling air then passes through complex
passages within the turbine blades. After
removing heat from the blade material,
the air (now fairly hot) is vented, via
cooling holes, into the main gas stream.
Cover plates are incoperated on blades
 Gas turbines

The turbojet engine consists of three main sections: the diffuser, the
gas generator, and the nozzle.
The diffuser placed before the compressor decelerates the incoming
air relative to the engine. A pressure rise known as the ram effect is
associated with this deceleration.
 Gas turbines

The gas generator section consists of a compressor, combustor, and

turbine, with the same functions as the corresponding components of
a stationary gas turbine power plant.
The gases leave the turbine at a pressure significantly greater than
atmospheric and expand through the nozzle to a high velocity before
being discharged to the surroundings.
 Gas turbines

The working fluid is air modeled as an ideal gas. The diffuser,

compressor, turbine, and nozzle processes are isentropic, and the
combustor operates at constant pressure.

In an actual engine, there would be increases in specific entropy

across the diffuser, compressor, turbine, and nozzle.
 Gas turbines

Process a–1 shows the pressure rise that occurs in the diffuser as the
air decelerates isentropically through this component.
Process 1–2 is an isentropic compression.
Process 2–3 is a constant-pressure heat addition.
Process 3–4 is an isentropic expansion through the turbine during
which work is developed.
Process 4–5 is an isentropic expansion through the nozzle in which
the air accelerates and the pressure decreases.
 Gas turbines

In a typical thermodynamic analysis of a turbojet on an air-standard

basis, the following quantities might be known: the velocity at the
diffuser inlet, the compressor pressure ratio, and the turbine inlet
temperature (at 3). The objective of the analysis would be to
determine the velocity at the nozzle exit. Once the nozzle exit velocity
is determined, the thrust is determined by applying Newton's second
law of motion in a form suitable for a control volume