A SEMINAR REPORT ON

“EFFECT OF FLY ASH AND SILICA FUME

ON CONCRETE”

SUBMITTED BY
SUSHIL KUMAR
14EDTCE083
 SEQUENCE OF SLIDES

1.0 Introduction

2.0 Materials
2.1. Fly ash
2.2 Silica fume

3.0 Effect of fly ash on concrete

3.1. Influence of fly ash on property of fresh concrete
3.2. Strength development of fly as concrete
3.3. Durability aspect

4.0 Effect of silica fume on concrete

4.1. Influence of silica fume on property of fresh concrete
4.2 Strength development of the Portland cement-silica system
4.3 Durability of concrete congaing silica fume

5.0 Conclusion

6.0 References
 INTRODUCTION

Earlier notion of using high amounts of cement for concrete has now changed on
favour of increased use of high amounts of mineral ad-mixtures and super plasticizers
with reduced amounts of cement and water in the concrete mixtures. Energy plays a
crucial role in growth of developing countries, like India.
MATERIALS

Fly Ash
&
Silica Fume
FLYASH (PULVERIZED-FUEL ASH)

 Fly ash is a by-product of burning pulverized coal to generate electric power.

 The fly ash particles are spherical.

 Fly ash has very high fineness with Specific Surface of between 250 to 600m2/kg.

 Specific gravity is around 2.35.

 There are two classes of fly ash.

 One is Class F fly ash which is obtained from the burning of bituminous coal,
usually has less than 5% CaO

 Second is Class C fly ash which is obtained from burning of lignite. It may have
CaO content is excess of 10%.
SILICA FUME (Microsilica)

 Silica fume is a by-product of silicon or Ferro-Silica industry and is 100 times

finer than cement.

 The specific gravity of silica fumes is generally 2.20.

 The particles of silica fume are extremely fine, most of them having a diameter
ranging between 0.03 and 0.3m.

 Specific surface of about 20000m2/kg, which is 13 to 20 times higher than the

specific surface of other pozzolanic materials.

 Such fine material as silica fume has a very low bulk density: 200 to 300kg/m 3.
TESTS ON FRESH AND HARDENED CONCRETE

 SLUMP TEST

 COMPACTION FACTOR TEST

 FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST

EFFECT OF FLY ASH ON CONCRETE
 INFLUENCE OF FLY ASH ON PROPERTIES OF FRESH CONCRETE

 Concrete Workability:
 Use of fly ash increases the absolute volume of cementitious materials (cement
plus fly ash) compared to non-fly-ash concrete; therefore, the paste volume is
increased, leading to a reduction in aggregate particle interference and
enhancement in concrete workability.

 The spherical particle shape of fly ash also participates in improving workability
of fly ash concrete because of the so-called "ball bearing"

 Water demand:
For a constant workability, the reduction in the water demand of concrete due to
fly ash is usually between 5 and 15 percent by comparison with a Portland –
cement –only mix having the same cementations material content; the
reduction is larger at higher water/cement ratio.
 Bleeding:
 A concrete mix containing fly ash is cohesive and has reduced bleeding
capacity. The mix can be suitable for pumping and for slip forming; finishing
operations of fly ash concrete and made easier.

 Concrete with relatively high fly ash content will require less water than non-fly-
ash concrete of equal slump

 Time of Setting:
 All Class F and most Class C fly ashes increase the time of setting of concrete.

 Time of setting of fly ash concrete is influenced by the characteristics and

amounts of fly ash used in concrete.
STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT OF FLY ASH CONCRETE

 Packing:
 Extent of packing depends both on the fly ash and cement
used. Better packing is achieved with coarser Portland
cement with finer fly ash.

 Due to packing there will reduction in the entrapped air in

concrete and volume of large capillary pores also reduces.

 Density of concrete:
Density of concrete is increase which is beneficial with
respect to strength, resistance to crack and stiffness.
 Compressive Strength:
Due to continued pozzonic reactivity concrete develops
greater strength at later age, which may exceed that of
concrete without fly ash.

 Permeability of concrete:
The pozzonic reaction also contributes to making the texture
of concrete dense, resulting in decrease of water
permeability and gas permeability.
DURABILITY ASPECTS

 Sulfate attack:
Alumina and lime in the fly ash may contribute to the sulfate
reactions. A high silica/alumina ratio probably reduces the
vulnerability to sulfate attack but no reliable generalization is
possible.

 Freeze-thawing:
Fly ash has not adverse effect on the resistance to freezing and
thawing of air entrained concrete.

 Carbon:
It has been found that high-carbon-content fly ash reduces the
effectiveness of admixtures such as air-entraining agents
 Alkali-silica Reaction:
 The alkalies released by the cement preferentially combine with the reactive
silica in the fly ash rather than in the aggregate.

 The alkalies are tied up in nonexpansive calcium-alkali-silica gel. Thus

hydroxyl ions remaining in the solution are insufficient to react with the
material in the interior of the larger reactive aggregate particles and
disruptive osmotic forces are not generated.

 Chloride:
Due to reduced permeability of mature concrete containing fly ash the
chloride ingress into such concrete is reduced.
EFFECT OF SILICA FUME ON CONCRETE
INFLUENCE OF SILICA FUME ON PROPERTIES OF RESH CONCRETE

 Effects on Water Requirements of Fresh Concrete:

The demand of water will be increased due to very large surface

area of the particles of silica fume so that, in mixes with a low
water/cement ratio, it necessary to use a superplasticizer. In this
way, it is possible to maintain both the required water/cement
ratio and the necessary workability.

 Effects on Consistency and Bleeding of Fresh Concrete:

 Concrete incorporating more than 10% Silica Fume becomes

sticky; in order to enhance workability, the initial slump should be
increased. It has been found that Silica Fume reduces bleeding.

 The reduced bleeding can lead to plastic shrinkage cracking

under drying conditions, unless preventive measures are taken.
STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT OF SILICA FUME CONCRET

 Early Strength
The early strength development is probably through improvement in
packing that is action as a filler and improvement of the interface zone with
aggregate.
 High Strength Concrete:
Silica Fume has been successfully used to produce very high-strength, low-
permeability, and chemically resistant concrete. Addition of Silica Fume by
itself, with other factors being constant, increases the concrete strength.
 Modulus of Elasticity:
The modulus of elasticity of concrete containing silica fume is somewhat higher
than is the case with Portland cement only concretes of similar strength it has
been reported that concrete containing silica fume is more brittle.
 Modulus of Rupture:
The modulus of rupture of Silica Fume concrete is usually either about the same
as or somewhat higher than that of conventional concrete at the same level of
compressive strength.
 Permeability of concrete:
The permeability of concrete is also reduces.
DURABILITY OF CONCRETE CONTAINING
SILICA FUME
 Chloride:
Reduced permeability is a greater resistance to the ingress of chloride ions.

 Sulfate Resistance:
The sulfate resistance of concrete containing silica fume is good, partly
because of a lower permeability and partly in consequence of a lower content
of calcium hydroxide and of alumina.

 Freeze-Thawing:
Use of Silica Fume has no significant influence on the production and stability
of the air-void system. Freeze-thaw testing on Silica Fume concrete showed
acceptable results; the average durability factor was greater than 99%.

 Abrasion Resistance:
Due to absence of bleeding, no weak top layer is formed and also because of
a better bond between the hydrated cement paste and coarse aggregate.
CONCLUSION:

 Fly Ash:
 It can replace up to 30% by mass of Portland cement, and can add to
the concrete’s final strength and increase its chemical resistance and
durability.
 Due to the spherical shape of fly ash particles, it can also increase
workability of cement while reducing water demand.
 The replacement of Portland cement with fly ash also reduces the
greenhouse gas.

• Silica Fume:
 silica fume improves compressive strength,bond strength, and
abrasion resistance.
 silica fume also reduces the permeability of concrete to chloride ions,
which protects concrete's reinfrocing steel from corrosion, especially
in chloride-rich environments such as those of roadways,runways and
saltwater bridges.