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5
Assembly modeling - interferences of positions
and orientation - tolerances analysis - mass
property calculations - mechanism simulation.
Graphics and computing standards– Open GL
Data Exchange standards – IGES, STEP etc –
Communication standards.
UNIT
5
Assembly modeling - interferences of positions
and orientation - tolerances analysis - mass
property calculations - mechanism simulation.
Graphics and computing standards– Open GL
Data Exchange standards – IGES, STEP etc –
Communication standards.
WCS Method
Mate Method
• The most common mating conditions are
coincident, concentric, tangent, parallel faces
and perpendicular faces.
Coincident mating condition
• The coincident condition is satisfied by forcing
n1 and n2 to be opposite each other and the
two faces touch each other such that P1 and
P2 are coincident.
Coincident condition
• Let [T1] and [T2] be the
transformation matrices from
the X1Y1Z1 and X2Y2Z2
coordinate systems.
Coincident condition
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Assembly modeling - interferences of positions
and orientation - tolerances analysis - mass
property calculations - mechanism simulation.
Graphics and computing standards– Open GL
Data Exchange standards – IGES, STEP etc –
Communication standards.
• Tolerance analysis is defined as the process of
checking the tolerances to verify that all the
design constraints are met. Tolerance analysis
is sometimes known as design assurance.
Objective of tolerance analysis
• To determine the variability of any quantity
that is a function of product dimensions and
are called design functions.
• Product dimensions and variables that control
the behavior of a design function are called
design functions variables.
• The variability of design functions is used to
assess the suitability of a particular tolerance
specification.
Worse-case Arithmetic Method
Worse-case Statistical Method
Monte Carlo simulation method
UNIT
5
Assembly modeling - interferences of positions
and orientation - tolerances analysis -
mass property calculations - mechanism
simulation.
Graphics and computing standards– Open GL
Data Exchange standards – IGES, STEP etc –
Communication standards.
Curve Length
Consider the curve connecting
two points P1 and P2 in space.
For objects with multiple surfaces, the total surface area is equal
to the sum of its individual surfaces.
m=
∫∫∫ ρdV
m
Assuming the density ρ remains constant through out the object
we have,
m=ρ
∫∫∫ dV = ρV
V
Centroid
The second moment of inertia about a given axis is the product of the
mass and the square of the perpendicular distance between the mass
and the axis.
Mechanical Engineering dept. 47
Ken Youssefi
Products of Inertia
In some applications of mechanical or structural design it is necessary to know
the orientation of those axis that give the maximum and minimum moments of
inertia for the area. To determine that, we need to find the product of inertia for
the area as well as its moments of inertia about x, y, and z axes.
You are responsible for setting up the correct and units for length,
angles and density
SolidWorks
2D Analysis
Calculates and displays geometric properties of
planar figures. This function analyzes figures after
projecting them onto the XC-YC plane (the work
plane). True lengths, areas, etc., are obtained.
Area/Volume/Mass Obtains the total face area, volume and mass of a 3D object.
Centroid/1st Mom Obtains the center of mass, or Centroid.
Moments of Inertia Obtains the moment of inertia for certain 3D objects of uniform
density about specified axes.
Products of Inertia The Products of Inertia, along with the Moments of Inertia, form
the inertia tensor, and are important in rotational dynamics.
Principal Axes/Moments The Principal Axes/Moments is an orthogonal system of three
axes through the center of mass such that the three products of
inertia relative to the system are all zero.
Radius of Gyration Calculates the radius of gyration.
Information Displays the calculated data for all of the Mass Properties
options previously discussed in the Information window.
Relative Errors Are estimates of the relative tolerances achieved in calculating
the mass properties. Often the relative errors are less than the
specified relative tolerances, indicating that the mass property
values are correct to within tighter tolerances than those
specified. If only a single accuracy value is specified, then +/-
Range Errors are given.
Output
5
Assembly modeling - interferences of positions
and orientation - tolerances analysis -
mass property calculations - mechanism
simulation.
Graphics and computing standards– Open GL
Data Exchange standards – IGES, STEP etc –
Communication standards.
UNIT
5
Assembly modeling - interferences of positions
and orientation - tolerances analysis -
mass property calculations - mechanism
simulation.
Graphics and computing standards– Open GL
Data Exchange standards – IGES, STEP etc –
Communication standards.
Importance of Data Exchange
Computer data base are now replacing paper blue prints
in defining geometry and non-geometry for all phases of
product design and manufacturing.
b) Topological
e.g. Hole, flange, web etc.
• Non-shape data:
Includes graphics data
e.g. shaded images, resolutions of storing the database
numerical values.
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• Design data:
It deals with information that designers generate from
geometric models for analysis.
e.g. mass property data & finite element mesh data.
• Manufacturing data:
Consists of information as tooling, NC tool paths,
tolerance, process planning & tool design and bill of
materials.
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NEED FOR DATA EXCHANGE
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Development of Graphic Standards
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Direct and Indirect Data Exchange
Translation of modelling data
stored in a product database
directly from one CAD/CAM
system format to another in one
step.
66
CAD Standards
• GKS (Graphical Kernel System)
68
Graphical Kernel System (GKS)
69
Principle concepts of GKS
Coordinate systems and transformations
The pictures are drawn by the application program by sending
coordinate information expressed in the world coordinate system
to GKS and by issuing instructions for mapping world co-
ordinates to a GKS standard co-ordinate system called the
normalized device co-ordinate system (NDC).
Output Primitives
The graphic program generate pictures by calling GKS
functions which display lines, characters, filled areas etc.
Segments:
GKS saves the lists of output primitives and their attributes in
records called segments.
It helps to manipulate entire pictures or parts of pictures.
70
Input:
On receiving the appropriate commands from the GKS
the input devices attached to the workstation provide
information or input data such as
Location of a point on the screen, selection of a menu
item.
State:
A lot of data or state is maintained by GKS during its
operation. (e.g. line width)
Errors:
GKS checks for errors and alerts the application
program on occurrence of error.
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Output primitives of GKS
The basic function of the GKS is to display primitive
geometric objects (lines, filled regions and text characters)
Polyline:
Which draws a sequence of connected straight line segments.
Text:
Font type, colour, height of the text box, spacing.
73
Input methods in GKS environment
74
PHIGS
Programmer’s Hierarchical Interactive Graphics Standard
(PHIGS) is an extension of GKS.
Structure Manipulation
• A structure can be deleted by a function called DELETE
STRUCTURE (entire structure is wiped out from the CSS).
• Another function is DELETE STRUCTURE NETWORK
76
PHIGS
Search and Enquiry
It is used for determining the element contents and its
characteristics.
78
UNIT
5
Assembly modeling - interferences of positions
and orientation - tolerances analysis -
mass property calculations - mechanism
simulation.
Graphics and computing standards –
Open GL Data Exchange standards – IGES, STEP
etc –Communication standards.
UNIT
5
Assembly modeling - interferences of positions
and orientation - tolerances analysis -
mass property calculations - mechanism
simulation.
Graphics and computing standards– Open GL
Data Exchange standards – IGES, STEP etc –
Communication standards.
IGES GENERAL DESCRIPTION
• IGES is a document describing what should go into a data file.
• Each entity has two types of data -directory data & parameter data.
• Geometric entities:
Definition of the product shape including curves & surfaces.
91
FILE STRUCTURE AND FORMAT
Format:
ASCII - a) Fixed 80 characters
b) compressed format
Binary
92
UNIT
5
Assembly modeling - interferences of positions
and orientation - tolerances analysis -
mass property calculations - mechanism
simulation.
Graphics and computing standards– Open GL
Data Exchange standards – IGES, STEP etc –
Communication standards.
Standard for the Exchange of Product Data (STEP)
Even though the specification of the IGES or DXF file has been
broadened to some of these product data, the data carried by
those files are inherently insufficient to be the product data
supporting the entire life cycle.
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STEP
95
STEP Architecture
STEP architecture has the following main components:
Using EXPRESS language
Data schemes including attributed such as geometry, topology,
features and tolerance.
Application interface called standard data access interface
(SDAI), which is a standard interface to enable
applications to access and manipulate STEP Data.
96
STEP Architecture
Physical layer: Data structure and data format and maintain the file
size and processing time. 97
STEP data export in a CAD modeling package has the following options:
(ii) Surfaces
(iii) Solids
(iv) Shells
98
Data Exchange Format (DXF)
This format has been the very first of the data transfer
formats used in CAD.
99
Neutral Translators -DXF
100
DXF- File Structure
A DXF file is an ASCII text and consists of five sections:
Header, table, block, entity and terminate.
Entity section: The specific data of each entity of a block are stored in
the corresponding Entity section .
103
Summary
Standardisation of graphic systems can be at the graphic databases,
graphic data handling systems.
STEP is being used extensively in view of its varied and better facilities
for exchanging product model data.
DXF developed by Autodesk is used for lower end drafting and model
information exchange.
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