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DC to DC CONVERTER
(CHOPPER)
• General
• Buck converter
• Boost converter
• Buck-Boost converter
• Switched-mode power supply
• Bridge converter
• Notes on electromagnetic compatibility
(EMC) and solutions.
1
DC-DC Converter
(Chopper)
DEFINITION:
Converting the unregulated DC input to a
controlled DC output with a desired
voltage level.
DC supply
(from rectifier-
DC output LOAD
filter, battery,
fuel cell etc.)
Vcontrol
(derived from
feedback circuit)
• APPLICATIONS:
– Switched-mode power supply (SMPS), DC
motor control, battery chargers
2
Linear regulator
• Transistor is operated
in linear (active)
mode. + VCEce IL
+
• Output voltage Vin
RL Vo
Vo Vin Vce
LINEAR REGULATOR
Po I L 2 RT
or
Po Vce I L
3
Switching Regulator
• Transistor is operated
in switched-mode:
+ Vce IL
– Switch closed:
Fully on (saturated) +
– Switch opened: Vin
RL
Vo
Fully off (cut-off)
SWITCHING REGULATOR
– When switch is open,
no current flow in it IL
– When switch is
closed no voltage SWITCH
+
drop across it. Vin
RL Vo
DT T
4
Non-isolated topologies
• Non-isolated converters are
simplest, with the three basic
types using a single inductor for
energy storage.
• In the voltage relation column, D
is the duty cycle of the converter,
and can vary from 0 to 1.
• The input voltage (V1) is assumed
to be greater than zero; if it is
negative, for consistency, negate
the output voltage (V2).
5
Buck (step-down) converter
S L
+
Vd D C RL
Vo
S iL
+ vL
+
Vd RL Vo
D
6
Switch is turned on (closed)
• Diode is reversed + vL -
biased.
S iL +
+
C Vo
• Switch conducts Vd VD RL
inductor current
vL
• This results in
positive inductor VdVo
voltage, i.e: opened opened
closed closed
t
vL Vd Vo
+ vL -
• Because of inductive
energy storage, iL S iL +
continues to flow. Vd C RL Vo
D
• Diode is forward
biased vL
VdVo
• Current now flows opened opened
(freewheeling) closed closed
vL Vo iLmax
IL
iLmin
(1-D)T
t
DT T
8
Analysis
When the switch is closed (on) :
di
vL Vd Vo L L
dt
v
di V V L
L d o
dt L VV d o
closed
Derivative of iL is a positive t
di
vL Vo L L
dt
di Vo
L
dt L
di i iL Vo
L L
dt t (1 D)T L
V
iL opened o (1 D )T
L
9
Steady-state operation
iL
Unstable current
iL Decaying current
iL Steady-state current
Imax
IL iL
Imin
Imax
Imin t
0
12
Output voltage ripple
KCL, Capacitor current :
ic iL iR L iL iR
Q CV
Q
o Vo
C imax
iL
Use triangle area formula :
iL=IR
1 T i
Q L Vo/R imin
2 2 2
0
TiL iC
8
Ripple voltage (Peak - to peak)0
TiL (1 D)
Vo
8C 8 LCf 2
So, the ripple factor,
V (1 D)
r o
Vo 8 LCf 2
Note : Ripple can be reduced by :
1) Increasing switching frequency
2) Increasing inductor size
3) Increasing capacitor size.
13
Basic design procedures
SWITCH L
Lmin= ?
RL
L = 10Lmin
Vd Po = ?
f=? D
(input C Io = ?
D=? ripple ?
spec.)
TYPE ?
2
2 iL 2
I L, RMS IL 14
3
Examples
• A buck converter is supplied from a 50V battery source. Given
L=400uH, C=100uF, R=20 Ohm, f=20KHz and D=0.4.
Calculate: (a) output voltage (b) maximum and minimum
inductor current, (c) output voltage ripple.
15
Advantages
• It needs only one transistor.
• Simple Circuit
• The circuit efficiency is high
• The di/dt of the load current is
limited by inductor L
Disadvantages :
Input current is discontinuous and a
smoothing input filter is generally
reqd.
It can produce an Vo of only one
polarity.
Output current is unidirectional
Separate protection against the diode
is reqd 16
Boost (step-up) converter
L D
Vd C +
S
RL Vo
CIRCUIT OF BOOST CONVERTER
iL L D
+ vL
Vd +
S C
RL Vo
17
Boost analysis:switch closed
iL
L D
+ vL
+
Vd C vo
S
v L Vd Vd
di
L L v L
CLOSED
dt
t
diL Vd
V d V o
dt L
diL iL iL
i iL
t DT
L
dt
di V
L d
dt L DT T t
V DT
iL closed d
L
18
Switch opened
iL
D
+ vL -
+
Vd C vo
S
-
v L Vd Vo
diL
L Vd
dt
di V Vo vL
L d OPENED
dt L t
diL iL V d V o
dt t
iL iL
iL
(1 D)T
( 1-D )T
t
diL Vd Vo
DT T
dt L
Vd Vo (1 DT )
iL opened
L
19
Steady-state operation
20
Average, Maximum, Minimum
Inductor Current
21
L and C values
For CCM,
I min 0 Vd
vL
Vd Vd DT
2
0
(1 D ) R 2L
D1 D 2 TR
Lmin VdVo
2 Imax
D1 D 2 R
iL
Imin
2f
V
Q o DT CVo
Imin
R
Io=Vo / R
V DT Vo D
Vo o
RCf RCf ic
Vo D
r
Vo RCf
Q
DT T
22
Examples
• The boost converter has the following parameters: Vd=20V,
D=0.6, R=12.5ohm, L=65uH, C=200uF, fs=40KHz. Determine
(a) output voltage, (b) average, maximum and minimum
inductor current, (c) output voltage ripple.
23
Buck-Boost converter
S
D
+
Vd C
L RL Vo
RL
S D
+ +
Vd iL vL Vo
S D
+ +
Vd iL vL
Vo
24
Buck-boost analysis
Vd
Switch closed vL
di
v L Vd L L
dt
diL Vd VdVo
dt L Imax
iL iL Vd iL
Imin
t DT L
V DT
(iL ) closed d Imax
L iD
Switch opened Imin
di
v L Vo L L Io=Vo / R
dt
diL Vo
i
c
dt L
iL iL Vo Q
t (1 D)T L DT T
Vo (1 D)T
(iL ) opened
L
25
Output voltage
Steady state operation :
iL(closed ) iL(opened ) 0
V DT Vo (1 D )T
d 0
L L
Output vol tage :
D
Vo Vs
1 D
26
Average inductor current
27
L and C values
Max and min inductor current,
iL Vd D Vd DT
I max I L 2
2 R (1 D ) 2L
iL Vd D Vd DT
I min I L
2 R (1 D ) 2 2L
For CCM
Vd D Vd DT
2
0
R (1 D) 2L
(1 D ) 2 R
Lmin
2f
Output vol tage ripple,
Vo
Q DT CVo
R
Vo DT Vo D
Vo
RC RCf
V D
r o
Vo RCf
28
Converters in CCM: Summary
Buck
Vo
S L D
V + Vd
D C RL
Vo Vo 1 D
d
Vo 8 LCf 2
(1 D ) R
Lmin
2f
L Boost
D
Vo 1
V + Vd 1 D
C Vo
S Vo D
d
RL Vo RCf
D(1 D) 2 R
Lmin
2f
S Buck Boost
Vo D
D +
V C Vo
Vd 1 D
L RL
d
Vo D
Vo RCf
(1 D) 2 R
Lmin
2f
29
Control of DC-DC converter:
pulse width modulation (PWM)
Vo (desired)
+ Vcontrol Switch control
signal
Vo (actual) Comparator
-
Sawtooth
Waveform Sawtooth
Waveform
Vcontrol 1
Vcontrol 2
Switch
control
ton 2 signal
ton 1
T
30
Isolated DC-DC Converter
• Isolated DC-DC requires isolation transformer
• Two types: Linear and Switched-mode
• Disadvantages
-Complex design
-EMI problems
• Types of SMPS
-Flyback
-forward
-Push-pull
-Bridge (half and full)
31
Linear and SMPS block diagram
Basic Block diagram of linear power supply
C E
Vce=Vd-Vo +Vo DC Regulated
DC Unregulated
B +
+
Base/gate RL
Vd Drive Vo
Line
Input -
1 / 3 -
Rectifier/ Error Vo
50/60 Hz Filter Amp.
Isolation
Transformer
Vref
Base/
PWM error
gate
Controller Amp
drive
32
High frequency transformer
Basic function :
1) Input - output electrical isolation
2) step up/down ti me - varying voltage
Basic input - output relationsh ip
v1 N1
;
v2 N 2
i1 N 2
i2 N1
Models :
i1 N1 N2 i2
+ +
V1 V2 Ideal model
i1 N1 N2 i2
+ +
Lm Model used for
V1 V2
most PE application
33
Flyback Converter
+
C R Vo
Vd LM
iD
iS i1 N1 N2
+
+ + vD
iLM v2 iC iR Vo
v1
Vd
+
+ vSW i2
34
Operation: switch closed
0 N1 N2
is=iLM
+
+
iLM v2
v1 Vo
Vd +
v1=Vs 0
diLm
v1 Vd Lm
dt
diLm iLm iLm Vd
dt dt DT Lm
iLm
closed
Vd DT
Lm
On the load side of the transform er,
N2 N2
v2 v1 Vd
N1 N1
N
v D Vo Vd 2 0, i.e. diode turned off
N1
Therefore,
i2 0 and i1 0
35
Switch opened
iD
N1 N2
+ +
iLM v1 v2= VS Vo
Vs +
+ vSW
N
v1 Vo 1
N2
But v2 Vo
N N
v1 v2 1 Vo 1
N2 N2
di N
v1 Lm L m Vo 1
dt N2
diL m iL m iL m Vo N1
dt dt 1 D T Lm N 2
V (1 D)T N1
iL m open o
Lm N2
Voltage across the switch :
N
vSW Vd Vo 1
N2
36
Output voltage
Vd DT Vo 1 D T N1
0
Lm Lm N2
D N 2
Vo Vd
1 D N1
37
Flyback waveforms
Ps P0 Vs
V0 2 v1
Vd I s
R
I s is related to I Lm as : -V(N1 /N2)
Is
I Lm DT
T
I Lm D
iLm
iLM
Solving for I Lm
is
Vd I Lm D
V02
R
t
2
V0
I Lm
Vd DR iD
I Lm can writte n as :
2 iC
Vd D N2
I Lm
2 N
(1 D ) R 1
Vo/ R
V0 N 2
DT T t
(1 D ) R N1
38
Max, Min inductor current
iLm
I Lm I Lm
,max 2
2
Vd D N 2 V d DT
2 N
(1 D ) R 1 2 Lm
iLm
I Lm ,min I Lm
2
2
Vd D N 2 Vd DT
2 N
(1 D ) R 1 2 Lm
For CCM, I Lm , min 0
2
Vd D N2 Vd DT Vd D
2 N
(1 D ) R 1 2 Lm 2 Lm f
2
V (1 D ) R N1 2
Lm min d
2f N2
Ripple calculatio n is similar to boost,
V0 D
r
V0 RCf
39
Example
The Flyback converter has these specifications:
DC input voltage: 40V
Output voltage: 25V
Duty cycle: 0.5
Rated load: 62.5W
Max peak-peak inductor current ripple:
25% of the average inductor current.
Maximum peak-peak output voltage: 0.1V
Switching frequency: 75kHz
40
Full-bridge converter
SW1 SW3
Lx
+ + +
NS vx Vo
C R
vp
VS
NS
SW4 SW2
SW1,SW2
DT T
SW3,SW4
T T
DT
VP 2 2
VS
-VS
Vx
N
VS S
NP
DT T T T
DT
2 2
41
Full bridge: basic operation
• Switch “pair”: [S1 & S2];[S3 & S4].
• Output Voltage
Ns
Vo 2Vs D
Np
42