TOPIC

4
Ideal models
of engine cycle
Chapter 5
Sections 5.1 – 5.5, 5.8
 Engine modeling purpose

• Understanding of engine processes

• Decrease of experimental work

• Prediction of engine behavior prior to

experiments

• Design optimization
 Classification of models

• Thermodynamic models (based on energy

conservation)
– zero dimensional
– phenomenological
– quazi-dimensional
• Fluid dynamic models (energy conservation &
equation of motion)
• Ideal models
– ideal gas standard cycle
– fuel-air cycle
 Closed or open system?
• Engine is not a closed
system, working fluid
does not execute a
thermodynamic cycle

• Cycles analyzed here are not thermodynamic cycles, they

are sequences of processes: intake, compression,
combustion, expansion, and exhaust
 Real engine cycle

Pressure-volume diagram of SI engine.

rc = 8.4, 3500 rpm, pi = 0.4 atm, pe = 1 atm, imep = 2.9 atm
 Ideal models of engine processes
Process Assumptions
Compression (1-2) 1. Adiabatic and reversible (isentropic)
Combustion (2-3) 1. Adiabatic
2. Combustion occurs at
(a) Constant volume
(b) Constant pressure
(c) Part at constant volume and part at constant
pressure (limited pressure)
3. Combustion is complete

Expansion (3-4) 1. Adiabatic and reversible (isentropic)

Exhaust (4-5-6) 1. Adiabatic
Intake (6-7-1) 2. Valve events occur at top- and bottom center
3. No change in cylinder volume as pressure differences
across open valves drop to zero
4. Inlet and exhaust pressures constant
5. Velocity effects negligible
Ideal cycles (unthrottled)

(a) constant-volume combustion

(b) constant-pressure combustion back

(c) limited pressure combustion

Ideal cycles (throttled and supercharged)

(d) Throttled constant-volume cycle, pi<pe back

(e) supercharged constant-volume cycle, pi>pe

 Thermodynamic relations for engine processes

Wc ,i
Indicated fuel conversion efficiency  f ,i 
m f QLHV

Wc ,i m f QLHV f ,i
Indicated mean effective pressure imep  
Vd Vd

Indicated work per cycle Wc ,i  WC  WE

 Ideal gas standard cycles

• Ideal engine processes (with all assumptions

taken above)

• Working fluid is an ideal gas

• cv and cp are constant (independent of

temperature)

notes
Constant-volume ideal gas standard cycle

notes
Constant-volume ideal gas standard cycle

1
 f ,i  1 
rc 1

notes
Constant-volume ideal gas standard cycle

Fuel conversion efficiency as a

function of compression ratio

1
 f ,i  1 
rc 1

In cycle analysis the value of 

can be taken:

 = 1.3
Constant-volume ideal gas standard cycle
Useful relations.

imep  Q*   1   rc  1 
   1   1 
p1  cvT1     1   rc  1  rc 

imep 1  rс  1  1 rc 1
   
p3 
  1 rc  rc  1  cv T1 Q*  1 rc 1 
High value of imep/p3 is desirable. Engine weight will
increase with increasing p3 to withstand the increasing
stresses in components
Limited-pressure ideal gas standard cycle
 Limited-pressure ideal gas standard cycle
p3 V3b
Denoting   and 
p2 V3a

we get for the limited-pressure cycle

1     1 
 f ,i  1   1  
rc      1    1 

imep Q*  rc 
   f ,i
p1 c vT1   1  rc  1 

imep 1  Q*  1  rc 
      f , i
p3  rc  cvT1    1  rc  1 
Constant-pressure ideal gas standard cycle
Taking  = 1 we get for the constant-pressure cycle

1    1 
 f ,i  1   1  
rc      1 

imep Q*  rc 
   f ,i
p1 c vT1   1  rc  1 

imep 1  Q*  1  rc 
      f ,i
p3 rc  cvT1    1  rc  1 
 Cycle comparison. Some assumptions

1.  = 1.3
 Cycle comparison. Some assumptions

1.  = 1.3
2. Q* is defined as the heat of reaction per unit mass of working fluid.
Hence
m f QLHV  mf   ma 
Q 
*
  QLHV  
m  ma  m
 Cycle comparison. Some assumptions

1.  = 1.3
2. Q* is defined as the heat of reaction per unit mass of working fluid.
Hence
m f QLHV  mf   ma 
Q 
*
  QLHV  
m  ma  m
A simple approximation for (ma/m) is ((rc-1)/rc, ; i.e., fresh air fills the
displaced volume and the residual gas fills the clearance volume ant the
same density. Then (A is a constant)
Q*  rc  1 
 A 
cvT1  rc 
 Cycle comparison. Some assumptions

1.  = 1.3
2. Q* is defined as the heat of reaction per unit mass of working fluid.
Hence
m f QLHV  mf   ma 
Q 
*
  QLHV  
m  ma  m
A simple approximation for (ma/m) is ((rc-1)/rc, ; i.e., fresh air fills the
displaced volume and the residual gas fills the clearance volume ant the
same density. Then (A is a constant)
Q*  rc  1 
 A 
cvT1  rc 
For this value of Q  cvT  all cycles would be burning a
*

stiochiometric mixture with an appropriate residual gas fraction

 Cycle comparison
rc  12   1.3
Q* p3a
 8.525  67
cvT1 p1

imep imep pmax

 f ,i
p1 p3 p1
Constant volume 0.525 16.3 0.128 128

Limited pressure 0.500 15.5 0.231 67

Constant pressure 0.380 11.8 0.466 25.3

Cycle comparison