PROBABILITY AND

STATISTICS
PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

Probability is a branch of mathematics concerned

with theories of uncertainty, ways of measuring
uncertainty and the application of techniques
involving uncertainty.
Statistics is a branch of mathematics that
examine and investigate ways to process and
analyzed the data gathered.
PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

TWO MAJOR AREAS OF STATISTICS

1. Descriptive Statistics- includes those methods
concerned with collecting, organizing, summarizing and
presenting data without drawing inference about a large
group.
2. Inferential Statistics- refers to those methods
concerned with the analysis of a subset of data leading to
predictions and inferences about the entire set of data.
- also called Inductive
Statistics or
Statistical Inference
PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

STATISTICAL TERMS
Population - consist of the totality of the observations with
which we are concerned
Sample - collection of some of the elements obtained from
the population
Parameter - any numerical value describing a
characteristics of a population
Statistic - any numerical value describing a characteristic
of a sample
Constant - characteristics or properties whereby the
members of the population are the same
Variable - is a characteristics that changes or varies over
time for different individuals or objects under consideration
PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

TYPES OF VARIABLE
1. Qualitative Variables - measure a quality or
characteristic on each experimental unit
Examples: eye color, gender
2. Quantitative Variables - measure a numerical quantity
or amount on each experimental unit\
Examples: number of accidents, volume in a glass,
weight of package
a. Discrete variable - countable number of
values
Example: number of family members
b. Continuous variable - uncountable
number of values
Examples: time, distance, volume,
height
PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

VARIABLES ACCORDING TO SCALE OF MEASUREMENT

1. Nominal - values represent categories with no inherent order

Examples: Gender, Civil Status
2. Ordinal - values represent categories with inherent order (ranking)
Examples: Educational backgroud, Quality of Service,
Grades
3. Interval - values represent ordered categories with equal intervals
between them
Example: temperature
4. Ratio - comparing the z variables
Example: employment size
PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENTS

1. QUESTIONNAIRES
2. INTERVIEWS
3. EXPERIMENTS
4. OBSERVATIONS
PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

-any measure indicating the center of a set of data arranged in an
increasing or decreasing order of magnitude
1. MEAN ( X-bar)
the arithmetic average of all the scores or group of scores in a
distribution.
PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

EXAMPLE: Ten students were polled as to the number

of siblings in their individual families. The raw data is
the following set: {3, 2, 2, 1, 3, 6, 3, 3, 4, 2}. Find the
mean number of siblings for the ten students.
PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

EXAMPLE: Ten students were polled as to the number of

siblings in their individual families. The raw data is the following
set: {3, 2, 2, 1, 3, 6, 3, 3, 4, 2}. Find the mean number of siblings
for the ten students.
PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

2. MEDIAN (Xcurl)
-the midpoint of the data array.
To find the median of a group of items:
1. Rank the items.
2. If the number of items is odd, the median is the middle item in the
list.
3. If the number of items is even, the median is the mean of the two
middle numbers.
PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

EXAMPLE:
Ten students in a math class were polled as to the
number of siblings in their individual families and the
results were: 3, 2, 2, 1, 1, 6, 3, 3, 4, 2. Find the median
number of siblings for the ten students.
PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

EXAMPLE:
Ten students in a math class were polled as to the number of siblings in their
individual families and the results were: 3, 2, 2, 1, 1, 6, 3, 3, 4, 2. Find the
median number of siblings for the ten students.
PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

EXAMPLE:
Nine students in a math class were polled as to the
number of siblings in their individual families and the
results were: 3, 2, 2, 1, 6, 3, 3, 4, 2. Find the median
number of siblings for the nine students.
PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

EXAMPLE:
Nine students in a math class were polled as to the number of siblings in their
individual families and the results were: 3, 2, 2, 1, 6, 3, 3, 4, 2. Find the
median number of siblings for the nine students.
PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

3. MODE (Xhat)
The mode of a data set is the value that occurs the most
often. If a distribution has two modes, then it is called bimodal. In a
large distribution, this term is commonly applied even when the two
modes do not have exactly the same frequency.
PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

EXAMPLE: Ten students in a math class were polled as to the number

of siblings in their individual families and the results were: 3, 2, 2, 1, 3,
6, 3, 3, 4, 2. Find the mode for the number of siblings.
PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

EXAMPLE: Ten students in a math class were polled as to the number

of siblings in their individual families and the results were: 3, 2, 2, 1, 3,
6, 3, 3, 4, 2. Find the mode for the number of siblings.
PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

MEASURES OF VARIATION
1. RANGE - A measure of variation in interval-ratio variables. It is the
difference between the highest (maximum) and the lowest (minimum)
values in the distribution.
Range = highest value - lowest value
2. VARIANCE - A measure of variation for interval-ratio variables; it is
the average of the squared deviations from the mean

3. STANDARD DEVIATION - A measure of variation for interval-ratio

variables; it is equal to the square root of the variance.
PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

EXAMPLE: The following data represents the total unit

sales for PSP2000 from a sample of 10 gaming centers for
the month of August:
15 17 10 12 13 10 14 10 8 and 9. Find the mean, median,
mode, range, standard deviation and variance.
PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

EXAMPLE: The following data represents the total unit

sales for PSP2000 from a sample of 10 gaming centers for
the month of August:
15 17 10 12 13 10 14 10 8 and 9. Find the mean, median,
mode, range, standard deviation and variance.

Ans.
Mean = 11.8 units
Median = 11 “
Mode = 10 “
Range = 9 “
Variance = 8.40 “
Std. V = 2.90 “
PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

ACTIVITY 1
1. A random sample of employees from a local manufacturing plant
pledges the following donations, in dollars, to the United Fund:
100, 40, 75, 15, 20, 100, 75, 50, 30, 10, 55, 75, 25, 50, 90, 80, 15, 25,
45 and 100. Calculate the
a. Mean d. Range
b. Mode e. Variance
c. Median f. Standard deviation
2. The lengths of time, in minutes, that 10 patients waited in a doctor's
office before receiving treatment were recorded as follows:
5, 11, 9, 5, 10, 15, 6, 10, 5 and 10
Treating the data as a random sample, find
a. Mean d. Range
b. Mode e. Variance
c. Median f. Standard deviation
PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

ACTIVITY 1
3. The following measurements were recorded for the drying time, in
hours, of a certain brand of latex paint.

3.4 2.5 4.8 2.9 3.6

2.8 3.3 5.6 3.7 2.8
4.4 4.0 5.2 3.0 4.8
Calculate the sample mean, median mode, range, variance and
standard deviation for these data.
COUNTING SAMPLE POINTS
 Permutation
It is the arrangement of all or part of a set of objects in a
definite order.
A permutation, also called an "arrangement number" or
"order," is a rearrangement of the elements of an
ordered list
Order is important aspect of permutation.

n-factorial (n!)
*The number of permutation of n distinct objects is n!
 Permutation- n!

Example:
Four people are to be arrange in a row to have their picture
taken. In how many ways can this be done?

Example:
You need to arrange seven of your favorite books along a
small shelf. How many different ways can you arrange
the books, assuming that the order of the books makes a
different to you?
 Permutation

*The number of permutation of n distinct objects taken r at

a time is
n Pr = n!
(n-r)!
 Permutation
Example:
How many ways can a committee of 3 be selected from 7
so that there is a president, a vice president, and a
secretary?
7P3 = 7!/(7 - 3)! = 7!/4! = 7*6*5 = 210
Example:
In how many ways can the 18 members of a boy scout
troop elect a president, a vice-president, and a secretary,
assuming that no member can hold more than one
office?
18P3 = 18!/(18−3)! = 18!/15! = 18*17*16 = 4,896
 Permutation- Multiple Coefficient

*The number of distinct permutation of n things of which n

1 are the same kind, n 2 of a second kind……., n k of a
second kind,…..n k of a kth kind is
n!
n 1 ! n 2!....... n k
 Permutation-Multiple coeffcient
Example:
Eight books are to be arrange on a shelf. There are 2
math identical books,3 identical English books and 3
identical Physics books. How many distinct
arrangement are possible?
8!/2!3!3! = 560 ways
Example:
In how many distinct ways can the letters of the word
“MISSISSIPPI” be arranged?
11!/1!4!4!2! = 34,650 ways
Example:
How many different letter arrangements can be made
from the letters in the word “STATISTICS”?
10!/3!3!1!2!1! = 50,400 ways
 Combination

It is arrangement of number of ways of selecting r objects from

n without regard to order.
Order of items make no difference
*The number of combination of n distinct objects taken r at a
time is
n C r= n!
r!(n-r)!
 Combination
Example:
In how many ways a committee of 3 can be chosen from a group
of 8?
8C3=8!/3!(8-3)!=8!/3!5!=56 ways
Example:
From a class of 20 students, we need to select 3 for a
committee. How many ways may be selected?
20C3=20!/3!(20-3)!=20!/3!17!=1140 ways
Example:
In how many ways can a coach choose three swimmers
from among five swimmers?
5C3=5!/3!(5-3)!=5!/3!2!=10 ways
 Permutation vs Combination
• With permutations, every little detail matters.
Alice, Bob and Charlie is different from Charlie,
Bob and Alice.
• Combinations, on the other hand, are pretty
easy going. The details don’t matter. Alice, Bob
and Charlie is the same as Charlie, Bob and
Alice.
• Permutations are for lists (order matters) and
combinations are for groups (order doesn’t
matter).
Permutation vs Combination
PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

ACTIVITY 2
1. In how many ways can the letters of the word APPLE can be
rearranged?
2. How many permutations can be made out of the letters in the word
COMPUTER taken 4 at a time?
3. What is the value of 100P2 ?
4. A license plate begins with three letters. If the possible letters are A,
B, C, D and E, how many different permutations of these letters can be
made if no letter is used more than once?
5. From a class of 32 students, 4 are to be chosen for a competition. In
how many ways can this be done?
6. 3 Gentlemen and 3 Ladies are candidates for 2 vacancies. A voter
has to vote for 2 candidates. In how many ways can one cast her/his
vote.
7. We need to form a 5 a side team in a class of 12 students. How
many different teams can be formed?
PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

ACTIVITY 2
8. In how many ways can you select a committee of 3 students out of
10 students?
9. In how many ways can you arrange 5 different books on a shelf?
10. What Is the value of 3C2?
11. What is the number of permutations of the letters in the word
BANANA?
12. There are four balls of different colors.Two balls at a time are taken
and arranged in any way.How many such combinations are possible?
13. How many committees can be formed by choosing 4 men from an
organization of a membership of 15 men?
14. How many 6 number combinations can be generated from the
numbers from 1 to 42 inclusive, without repetition and with no regards
to the order of the numbers?
15. Compute the number of 8 letter combination of all the letters in
alphabet.