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FORM 4
LINES AND PLANES IN 3-DIMENSIONS
Introduction
Introduction Priorknowledge
Prior knowledge
Line
Line Plane
Plane
Theangle
The anglebetween
betweenaaline
line Theangle
The anglebetween
between
andaaplane
and plane twoplanes
two planes
Conclusion
Conclusion
Exit
PriorKnowledge
Prior Knowledge
A.Differenttypes
A.Different typesofofdimensions
dimensions
B.PythagorasTheorem
B.Pythagoras Theorem
Sine = Opposite
Hypotenuse
Cosine = Adjacent
Hypotenuse
Tangent = Opposite
Adjacent
PLANES
PLANES
Definition:
Definition:
AAcompletely
completelyflat
flatsurface
surface
HORIZONTAL PLANE
VERTICAL PLANE
INCLINED PLANE
VERTICAL
PLANE
HORIZONTAL
PLANE
INCLINED
PLANE
LINELIES
LINE LIESON
ONAAPLANE
PLANE
D C
Q
P
A B
LINEINTERSECTS
LINE INTERSECTSWITH
WITHAAPLANE
PLANE
D C
A B
Y
Theangle
The anglebetween
betweenaaline
lineand
andaaplane
plane
Stepsto
Steps tofind
findthe
theangle:
angle:
••identify
identifyaanormal
normaltotoaaplane
plane
••determine
determinethetheorthogonal
orthogonalprojection
projectionof
ofthe
theline
line
••name
namethetheangle
angle
••calculate
calculatethe
theangle
angle
NORMALTO
NORMAL TOAAPLANE
PLANE
Definition:
Definition:
Normaltotoaaplane
Normal planeisisaastraight
straightline
line
whichisisperpendicular
which perpendiculartotothe
theintersection
intersection
ofofany
anylines
lineson
onthe
theplane.
plane.
Normal to a plane
S
R
Y
P Q
Orthogonalprojection
Orthogonal projection
Basedon
Based onthe
thefollowing
followingdiagram
diagram
BC is normal to
S the plane PQRS
R
A C
P
AC is the orthogonal projection Q
of line AB on a plane PQRS.
The angle between the line AB and
the plane PQRS is < BAC
Theangle
The anglebetween
betweenaaline
lineand
andaaplane
plane
Example S R
Example
P Q
D 4 cm
C
A 3 cm B
Based on the above diagram, find the angle between the line PB and
the plane ABCD.
Theangle
The anglebetween
betweenaaline
lineand
andaaplane
plane
S R
Namethe
Name theangle
angle
P
Q The angle between the line PB
and the plane ABCD is < ABP
4 cm
D
C
Howto
How tocalculate
calculatethe
theangle
angle??
A 3 cm B
Howto
How tocalculate
calculatethe
theangle
angle??
S R
Find the angle of ABP, if AB = 4 cm, PA = 3 cm
P
P Q
3 cm
3cm D C
A 4 cm B
A B
4 cm
S R
Find the angle between the line SB
and the plane ABCD.
P Q
Answer::
Answer
Theangle
The angleisis<<DBS
DBS D C
D C
Answers
A B
Answers
Answers
(i) Since AF is perpendicular to the plane ABCD , the angle between the line
BF and the plane ABCD is given by the angle ABF.
⇒ tan ∠ABF = 5
12
= 0.425
⇒ ∠ABF = 23º
Thus the angle between the line BF and the plane ABCD is 23º
No(iii)
(iii) Since AF perpendicular to the plane ABCD,the angle between FC and
ABCD is given by the angle ACF.By pythagoras ’ theorem,
AC² = 12² + 9²
⇒ AC = 15cm
in ∆ACF,tan ∠ACF = AF
AC
= 5
13
⇒ ∠ACF = 21°.
The Angle
The AngleBetween
BetweenTwo
TwoPlanes
Planes
A B
D
C
Intersection Line
E F
16 cm
Answers
B
A
R
S
N
6 cm
D C
Back to question
(a) AD = QR = 16 cm N
ND = ½AD
= 8 cm
DC = PQ = 6 cm 8 cm
NC²= 8² + 6²
= 100 D C
6 cm
NC = √100
= 10 cm
(b) The angle between RN and the base ABCD is
∠RNC. R
tan ∠RNC = 6/10 6 cm
= 0.6 C N
10 cm
∠RNC = 30°58’
(c) The angle between planes RQAN and
PQRS is ∠AQP.
Exercise
EFGH,WXYZ is a cube.Name the angle between;
Z Y
Answers
W X
H G
E F
Multiple Choice Question:
P Q
E F
S R
H G
Based on the above diagram, which of the following line is not intersect
with plane PQRS?
A FG
B FQ
C HS
D PG
P Q
S R
T U
Based on the above diagram,which of the following line is normal to the plane?
A PF
B PQ
C PS
D ST
P Q
R
S
E F
H G
R
S
E F
H G
Based on the above diagram, the angle between line SF and the plane
SRGH is
A ∠ FSG
B ∠ FSH
C ∠ SEH
D ∠ SFG
P Q
R
S
E F
H G
S R
E F
H G
Based on the above diagram, the angle between plane PQHG and EFGH is
A ∠ PGE
B ∠ QGF
C ∠ QHF
D ∠ SPH
LINES AND PLANES IN 3-
DIMENSIONS
LINES
LINES PLANES
-lieson
onaaplane
plane PLANES
-lies - -Horizontal
Horizontal - -inclined
inclined
-intersectwith
-intersect withaaplane
plane
- -Vertical
Vertical