SCADA and Distribution Automation

Typical Power System Generating Plant

Step-up
transformers

Circuit breakers

Generation System Transmission System

Transmission System Transformers in Dispersed

Bulk power Storage and
substations generation
(DSG)
Distribution System Solar or
Sub-transmission Wind
Sources
• substations
system
Three- (100KW to
Distribution phase 1MW)
• transformers substation Primary
feeders
Voltage
Regulator

• circuit breakers DSG Sectionalizing

Capacitor
switch
• feeders Battery or
Fuel cells,
bank
1 to 25 MW Primary
• sectionalizing switches circuits

• capacitor banks One-phase

lateral feeder

• voltage regulators
• DSGs Distribution
Transformer

• customers
- HT customers
- LT customers DSG
Photovoltaic
Power supply,
Home
up to 100 KW
 IT Applications to Power

• Power System Operation and Control

- Power Plant Automation
- Energy Management Systems
- Distribution Automation
- GIS Applications – Distribution Systems
 IT Applications to Power

• Power System Operation and Control

- Power Plant Automation
- Energy Management Systems
- Distribution Automation
- GIS Applications

• Metering and Billing

 IT Applications to Power

• Power System Operation and Control

- Power Plant Automation
- Energy Management Systems
- Distribution Automation
- GIS Applications

• Metering and Billing

• Energy Accounting/auditing
 IT Applications to Power

• Power System Operation and Control

- Power Plant Automation
- Energy Management Systems
Distribution Automation
- Distribution Automation
- GIS Applications

• Metering and Billing

• Energy Accounting/auditing
Distribution Automation

What ?

How ? DA
Why ?
 Automation Generating Plant

Step-up
transformers

Circuit breakers

Transmission System

Transformers in Dispersed
Bulk power Storage and
substations generation
(DSG)
Solar or
Control Sub-transmission Wind
Center system Sources
Three- (100KW to
Distribution phase 1MW)
Primary
Voltage
substation
Regulator
monitor feeders

and DSG Sectionalizing

Capacitor
control Battery or
100.02 A
switch
bank
Fuel cells,
1 to 25 MW Primary
10.08 kV circuits

One-phase
lateral feeder

Decision support
Distribution
Tools Transformer

Photovoltaic
DSG Home
Power supply,
up to 100 KW
 Distribution Automation System Generating Plant

Step-up
transformers

Circuit breakers

Transmission System

Transformers in Dispersed
Bulk power Storage and
substations generation
(DSG)
Solar or
Distribution Sub-transmission Wind
Control system Sources
Three- (100KW to
Center Distribution phase 1MW)
Primary
Voltage
substation
Regulator
(monitor feeders

and DSG Sectionalizing

SCADA Control) Battery or
switch Capacitor
bank
Fuel cells,

and 1 to 25 MW Primary
circuits

Application Functions One-phase

lateral feeder

(Decision support Distribution

Transformer
Tools)

Photovoltaic
DSG Home
Power supply,
up to 100 KW
Energy Management System
Generating Plant

Step-up
transformers
219 kV
248 MW Circuit breakers

Transmission System

( monitor
and Transformers in
Control Dispersed

Center SCADA Control ) Bulk power

substations
Storage and
generation
(DSG)

and Sub-transmission
Solar or
Wind
system Sources
Application Functions Distribution
Three-
phase
(100KW to
1MW)
Primary
Voltage
substation
Regulator
( Decision support feeders

DSG
Tools ) Battery or
Sectionalizing
switch Capacitor
bank
Fuel cells,
1 to 25 MW Primary
circuits

One-phase
lateral feeder

Distribution
Transformer

Photovoltaic
DSG Home
Power supply,
up to 100 KW
Function of Distribution Automation System

Remotely monitors the distribution system,

facilitates supervisory control of devices and
provides decision support tools to improve the
system performance
• SCADA
(Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition)

• Application Functions
Function of Distribution Automation System

Remotely monitors the distribution system,

facilitates supervisory control of devices and
provides decision support tools to improve the
system performance
• SCADA
(Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition)

• Application Functions
 Levels of Automation

Substation Level Automation Dispersed

Storage and
generation
(DSG)

Feeder Level Automation Sub-transmission

Solar or
Wind
system Sources
Three- (100KW to
Distribution phase 1MW)
Primary
Voltage
substation
Regulator
Customer Level Automation DSG
feeders

Sectionalizing
switch Capacitor
Battery or
bank
Fuel cells,
1 to 25 MW

One-phase
lateral feeder

Distribution
Transformer

Photovoltaic
DSG Home
Power supply,
up to 100 KW
 SCADA

What ?

How ? SCADA
Why ?
 SCADA

How ? SCADA
 SCADA Features

Hardware Components

Software Components
SCADA – Hardware Components

A/D Converter Transducer Field Values

output output
011011110011 Voltage 0-10 DC Voltage (11kV)

Transducers
/ Relays
/ IEDs
AI

COMMUNICATION DI Devices
Panels

DO

CC RTU FIELD
SCADA – Hardware Components

A/D Converter Transducer Field Values

output output
011011110011 Voltage 0-10 DC Voltage (11kV)
Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
Pole Top RTU
Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
Control Center Architecture
RTUs in
Modems
the field

DAH
SCADA Host Systems App Server

FES
1&2

LAN

Printer
MMI 1 MMI 6 PERIPHERAL
Sharer PERIPHERAL
SERVER -2
SERVER -1
…….
..

DMP -1
Video
Projector
Time
Center
DMP -2
DT 1 & 2
 RTUs in
Modems
the field

DAH

SCADA Host Systems App

App Server
Server

FES
1&2

LAN
LAN

Printer
MMI1 1
MMI PERIPHERAL
MMI 6 PERIPHERAL
Sharer PERIPHERAL
SERVER -2
SERVER -2
SERVER -1

DMP -1
Video
Projector
Time
Center
DMP -2
DT 1 & 2
SCADA – System Architecture

REGION AB
Station B2

Station B1

Zone B
Zone A

Station A1

Station A2
SCADA – System Architecture (contd)

SINGLE STATION

Administration
Building

DMP
Host and MMI

RS 232 CABLE
LAN Modem Modem

MMI MMI

9035- 66 RTU
SCADA – System Architecture (contd)

MainLDCs& sub-LDCs
Mail Load Despatch Center
LAN

FEP
COMPUTER
HOST
Man-Machine
Interfaces
RTUs
Modem Modem
4800 BPS
Leased Line 4800 BPS
Leased Line

Modem Modem
Sub- Load Despatch Center Sub-Load Despatch Center

HOST HOST
COMPUTER COMPUTER

LAN LAN

FEP FEP
Man-Machine Man-Machine
Interfaces Interfaces

RTUs RTUs
 SCADA – Software Components

• Data Acquisition
• Data Processing
• Control
• Alarms and Events
• Database
• Graphical User Interface
• Logging and Reporting
 SCADA – Software Components(Contd.)

A/D Converter Transducer Field Values

output output
Data Acquisition 011011110011 Voltage 0-10 DC Voltage (11kV)
Protocols
Field Equipment Connectivity

Multiple Scan Rates

Multiple Protocols
(IEC / Modbus / DNP)
Acquisition Types
Fetch All Data
Report By Exception
Group Wise
Time Synchronization
Data Types/Data Resolutions
(AI/DI/PI/BCD)(8/12/16)
 SCADA – Software Components(Contd.)

A/D Converter Transducer Field Values

output output
011011110011 Voltage 0-10 DC Voltage (11kV)

Data Processing

Engineering Conversion
Linear, Non-linear, Piece-wise, Look-up

Calculation subsystem

Zero Suppression

Reasonability Check
 SCADA – Software Components(Contd.)

Transducer Characteristic

• Piece-wise linear

0 < x < A1
y = a1 X+ b1 Engg Value

A1 < x < A2
y = a2 X+ b2
x > A2
y = a3 X+ b3

DC Value A1 A2
 SCADA – Software Components(Contd.)

Transducer Characteristic

• Parabola

Engg Value

DC Value
 SCADA – Software Components(Contd.)

A/D Converter Transducer Field Values

output output
011011110011 Voltage 0-10 DC Voltage (11kV)
Data Processing

Engineering Conversion
Linear, Non-linear, Piece-wise, Look-up

Calculation subsystem

Zero Suppression

Reasonability Check
 SCADA – Software Components(Contd.)

Control
Dispersed
Storage and
generation
(DSG)
Solar or
Sub-transmission Wind
Single, Group, Sequential and Closed Loop Control system Sources
Three- (100KW to
Distribution phase 1MW)
Select-Check-Execute, Immediate Execute substation Primary
Voltage
Regulator
feeders

Interlocks based on Attributes, values/status DSG Sectionalizing

Capacitor
switch
Battery or
bank
Fuel cells,
1 to 25 MW

One-phase
lateral feeder

Distribution
Transformer

Photovoltaic
DSG Home
Power supply,
up to 100 KW
 SCADA – Software Components(Contd.)

Control Dispersed
Storage and
generation
(DSG)
Single, Group, Sequential and Closed Loop Control
Solar or
Sub-transmission Wind
Select-Check-Execute, Immediate Execute system Sources
(100KW to
Three-
Distribution phase 1MW)
Voltage
Interlocks based on Attributes, values/status substation Primary
feeders Regulator

DSG Sectionalizing
switch Capacitor
Battery or
bank
Fuel cells,
1 to 25 MW

Close IIITFeederCB ?
One-phase
lateral feeder
Yes No
Distribution
Transformer

Photovoltaic
DSG Home
Power supply,
up to 100 KW
 SCADA – Software Components(Contd.)

Control Dispersed
Storage and
generation
(DSG)
Single, Group, Sequential and Closed Loop Control
Solar or
Sub-transmission Wind
Select-Check-Execute, Immediate Execute system Sources
(100KW to
Three-
Distribution phase 1MW)
Voltage
Interlocks based on Attributes, values/status substation Primary
feeders Regulator

DSG Sectionalizing
switch Capacitor
Battery or
bank
Fuel cells,
1 to 25 MW

IIITFeederCB One-phase
lateral feeder

Successfully closed ! Distribution

Transformer

Photovoltaic
DSG Home
Power supply,
up to 100 KW
 SCADA – Software Components(Contd.)

Voltage
Alarms & Events VH Limit

H Limit
Configurable Event Types Normal Range

Current Alarms Configurable L Limit

Alarm Priorities
VL Limit
Configurable Message Formats

Events
Alarms
SCADA – Software Components(Contd.)

Database

Online Database Editing

Grouping Points For

- Access

- Log

Database Library
 SCADA – Software Components(Contd.)

Graphical User Interface

Real Time display

Single Line Diagrams,Graphics,Maps

Trends; Real-time and Historic
Alarms; current and Historic
Interface to control field devices
Automated Mapping and Facilities Management (AM/FM)

• Display of geographical Maps

• Dynamic info on Maps

(From T&D World, Oct 2001)

• Layering, Zooming, Scrolling and Panning

• Historical data on Devices

(From T&D World, Oct 2001)

 Geographical Information Systems (GIS)

• Use of GPS Satellites

• Layout of the electrical network on the base map

• Facilitate dynamic display of info

• Facilitate display of dynamic info on maps

• ………

•………..
SCADA – Software Components(Contd.)

Others

Logging

Reporting

Hot-standby Switchover
 Why SCADA ?

• Remote Monitoring

• Control

• Efficient utilization of resources

• Improves safety

• …..
 Summary
• What is Automation ?
SCADA and Application Functions

• What is SCADA ?
Monitor, Control

• How do we do SCADA ?
Hardware Components, Software Components

• Why do we do SCADA ?
Monitor, Control, Effectively utilize resources, safety,…..
 QUESTIONS

QUESTIONS

QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS
Distribution Automation :
Application Functions
 Distribution Automation System Generating Plant

Step-up
transformers

Circuit breakers

Transmission System

Transformers in Dispersed
Bulk power Storage and
substations generation
(DSG)
Solar or
Distribution Sub-transmission Wind
Control system Sources
Three- (100KW to
Center Distribution phase 1MW)
Primary
Voltage
substation
Regulator
(monitor feeders

and DSG Sectionalizing

SCADA Control) Battery or
switch Capacitor
bank
Fuel cells,

and 1 to 25 MW Primary
circuits

Application Functions One-phase

lateral feeder

(Decision support Distribution

Transformer
Tools)

Photovoltaic
DSG Home
Power supply,
up to 100 KW
Operational problems and Potential Applications of DAS

• Fault location, isolation and Service Restoration

• Maintaining good voltage profile
• Load Balancing
• Load Control
• Metering
• Maintaining Maps
• Fuse-off call operations
• Energy accounting

Recent Buzz words !!

• Outage Management
• Customer Information Management
Candidate Distribution Automation Functions

Substation Feeder Automation Customer Interface

Automation Functions Automation
Functions Functions
 Data Acquisition From:  Data Acquisition From:  Automatic Meter Reading
- Circuit Breakers - Line Reclosers  Remote Reprogramming
- Load Tap Changers - Voltage Regulators of Time-of-Use (TOU)
- Capacitor Banks - Capacitor Banks Meters
- Transformers - Sectionalizers  Remote Service
 Supervisory Control of: - Line Switches Connect/Disconnect
- Circuit Breakers - Fault Indicators  Automated Customer
- Load Tap Changers  Supervisory Control of: Claims Analysis
- Capacitor banks - Line Reclosers
 Fault Location - Voltage Regulators
 Fault Isolation - Capacitor Banks
 Service Restoration - Sectionalizers
 Substation Reactive - Line Switches
Power Control  Fault Location
 Fault Isolation
 Service Restoration
 Feeder Reconfiguration
 Feeder Reactive Power
Control
 Application Functions

• Network Reconfiguration
a) Fault localization
b) Service Restoration
c) Load Balancing
• Integrated Volt-Var Control
• Remote Metering
• Automatic Load Shedding
• Load Management
• Automated Mapping and Facilities Management (AM/FM)
• Trouble Call Management System (TCMS)
• Load Survey and Energy Accounting
 Network Reconfiguration - Fault Localization

• Locates faulty section in a radial distribution feeder by

operating “Load Break Switches” on a feeder

• Localization is faster compared to manual determination of

faulty section

Illustration:
Fault

A radial feeder
Fault localization Fault

CB Close

LB Sw Close
Network Reconfiguration - Service Restoration

• Restores service to non-faulty feeder sections by reconfiguration

• Considerations

* Presence of alternate paths

* Operation of LB switches
* Need to have remotely controllable switches
* Restoration based on
- satisfaction of current and voltage constraints
- minimum switches
- minimum losses
Network Reconfiguration - Load Balancing

• Composition and hence consumption patterns of loads on

different feeders are different

• To distribute loads among transformers/feeders

• Remote control of switches for reconfiguration

 Load Balancing - Illustration

Feeder 1

Initial
configuration
Feeder 2

Final
configuration
 Integrated Volt-Var Control

• Applied on feeders with capacitors and voltage regulators

• Control of capacitor banks and voltage regulators

• Schedule for switching and tap control

• To meet reactive power requirements and reduce losses

 Remote Metering

• Uses of electro-static meters

• Customer meter reading

• Facilitates Multiple tariff

• Detection of Meter tampering

• More justifiable at HT (high value) Customers

 Automatic Load Shedding

• Under Frequency based load shedding

• Sensing Frequency through transducers

• Load shedding based on the frequency drop, current loading

conditions and priority of the load

• Closed loop function at RTU level

 Load Management - Scheduled power cuts

Illustration

• Gap between generation and demand Schedules for Power

cut on Feeders
• Schedule power cuts on rotation
(6 to 7)

• Automatic load shedding based on schedules (7 to 8)

(8 to 9)
• Facility to change the schedules
(9 to 10)
Load Management - Emergency based load shedding

• Gap between power generation and load demand due to

sudden contingencies

• To shed the loads based on the relief required

• Identification of loads to be shed based on

- current load magnitudes
- priority of the load
- time when last shed

• Shed the load based on the above factors

Load Management - Agricultural load control

• Importance of Agricultural load

• Separate schedule for Agricultural loads

• Ag. Loads categorized into groups

• Schedule for each group

• Shed the load based on the schedule

• Use of one-way radio switch

- Accepts a command to shed
- Restores automatically
Trouble Call Management System (TCMS)

• Responds to customer complaints

• Acceptance of interruption/restoration data from the operator

• Distribution Transformer trip/close info from SCADA

• Determination of source of interruption

• Improvement of response time to customer complaints

 Load Survey and Energy Accounting

• Availability of continuous data on loads etc.,

• Determination of Load Patterns

• Data for planning

• Detection of abnormal energy consumption pattern

• Identification of high loss areas

Overall Schematic Diagram of Gachibowli DA Project
 Why Distribution Automation ?

Benefits

- Tangible
- In-tangible
Tangible Benefits
Substation
Automation
Reduction in Capital Expenditure
due to:
• Deferment of additional substation
facilities
• Effective utilization of substation
facilities
Reduction in O&M Costs of Breaker
switching for:
• Routine Operations
• Non-Routine Operations
Reduction in O&M Costs of LTC
Operation for:
• Routine LTC Operations
• Non-Routine Operations
Reduction in O&M Costs for:
• Routine Relay Testing
• Relay Setting
Reduction in O&M Costs of:
• Routine Data Collection
• Non-Routine Data Collection
• Data Analysis
• Testing of Data Logging Devices
• Repair of Data Logging Devices
Feeder Customer interface
Automation Automation
Reduction in O&M Costs of:
Reduction in Capital Expenditure
• Regular Meter Reading
due to:
• Reprogramming of Meters
• Deferment of additional feeders
• Service Connect/Disconnect
• Effective utilization of existing
• Processing of Customer Claims
feeders
Reduction in O&M Costs of: Increased Revenue Due to:
• Fault Location and Isolation • Reduction of System Peak Load
• Service Restoration • Tamper Detection to Reduce
• Routine Switching Operations Electricity Theft
• Recloser Setting • Reduced Payments for Customer
• Recloser Testing Claims
• Data Collection
• Data Analysis
• Feeder Reconfiguration
• Capacitor Banks Inspection
Increased Revenue Due to:
• Loss Reduction due to Feeder
Reconfiguration
• Loss Reduction due to Capacitor
Banks Automation
• Faster Service Restoration
 Summary of cost/benefit Analysis Results (done in 1991)
based on tangible benefits

Function Substation Feeder Customer interface

Category Automation Automation Automation

Present Value of 177,393 423,260 2,913,258

benefits ($)
Present Value of 166,764 555,000 10,934,353
costs ($)
Benefit/Cost 1.06 0.76 0.27
Ratio

Details of the area : 32,000 customers with electric and gas meters with a mix of 53 % residential,
8 % commercial 37% industrial and 2% agricultural.
Peak demand : 124 MW
Area served by three major substations (230/21 kV, 115/12 kV, 60/12 kV)
with 13 primary feeders circuits (eleven 12kV and two 21kV) in the area

David L. Brown, et al., “Prospects For Distribution Automation at Pacific Gas & Electric
Company”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 6, No. 4, October 1991, pp 1946-1954.
Intangible Benefits

Benefit Substation Feeder Customer interface

Category Automation Automation Automation

Improved Service
Reliability
Applicable Applicable Not Applicable
Improved Customer Applicable Applicable Applicable
Satisfaction
Improved Public Applicable Applicable Not Applicable
Safety
Better Information Applicable Applicable Applicable
for Engineering and
Planning
Strategic or Applicable Applicable Applicable
Marketing
Advantages

Improved Public Not Applicable Not Applicable Applicable

Image
 Hyderabad DA Project

• 20 EHV (220/132 kV) substations

• 110 Medium voltage (33/11 kV) substations
• Covers about 1555 sq. km area
• 1 Municipal corporation, 9 municipalities,
about 316 villages
• Covers Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy and Medak
districts
• Executed by ABB
Hyderabad DA Project
Hyderabad DA Project
Hyderabad DA Project (Contd)
DA System for Tiruvanthapuram City

• Automates the 11 kV Distribution Network of

Tiruvanthapuram City
- Three substations (110/66/11kV)
- Distributed Nodes in the field
• Functions
- 11kV Network Monitoring and Control
- Feeder Reconfiguration
- Distributed Network Display (GIS)
- Load Flow Analysis (voltage profile/losses, etc)
- Short term load Forecast
- Optimum Feeder segmentation
 Summary

• What is Distribution Automation ?

Monitor, Control, Decision support tools

• How do you do Distribution Automation ?

SCADA and Application Functions

• How do we do SCADA ?
Hardware Components, Software Components

• Why Distribution Automation ?

Tangible and Intangible benefits
Further Reading…….
 References

..
1. Turan Gonen, “Electric Power Distribution System Engineering”,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1986, Chapter 1, pp 1-36.

2. David L. Brown, James W. Skeen, Parkash Daryani, Farrokh A Rahimi,

“Prospects For Distribution Automation at Pacific Gas & Electric
Company”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 6, No. 4,
October 1991, pp 1946-1954.

3. NDR Sarma, “ Rapid Growth Leads to System Automation Efforts”,

Transmission and Distribution World, Sept, 1997.
http://industryclick.com/Magazinearticle.asp?magazineid=108&magazinearticleid=55966&releaseid=4707&siteid=14
 QUESTIONS

QUESTIONS

QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS
ndrsarma@ieee.org