FIRE SAFETY IN AUDITORIUM AND MULTIPLEX

1
 FIRE SAFETY IN AUDITORIUM AND MULTIPLEX

Present by : Rashika Razdan CL-72

Kush Raval CL-73

Branch : Civil 5Th sem.

DHARMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY

Guided by : Prof. S P Parmar

2
 WHAT IS AUDITORIUM?

 An auditorium is a room built to enable an

audience to hear and watch performances at
venues such as theatres. For movie theatres,
the number of auditoriums is expressed as
the number of screens. Auditoria can be
found in entertainment venues, community
halls, and theatres, and may be used for
rehearsal, presentation, performing arts
productions, or as a learning space.
3
 WHAT IS MULTIPLEX?
 A multiplex is a movie theatre complex with
multiple screens within a single complex. They are
usually housed in a specially designed building.
Sometimes, an existing venue undergoes a
renovation where the existing auditoriums are
split into smaller ones, or more auditoriums are
added in an extension or expansion of the
building. The largest of these complexes can sit
thousands of people and are sometimes referred
to as a megaplex. 4
FIRE ACCIDENT - THE COST

• LOSS OF LIFE

• DAMAGE TO PROPERTY Number Country Death rate

per 1,00,000
Due to FIRE
• LOSS OF BUSINESS 1 India 4.63

2 Luxembourg 0.10(Max.)
• LOSS OF GOODWILL
3 Nigeria 21.13(Min.)
• ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION Ref. www. worldlifeexpectancy.com

5
FIRE

• About 15,000 calls per year

• On an average 300 deaths per year

• Huge property losses

• About 69% fires are caused by electricity

ALL THIS CAN BE REDUCED

6
OBJECTS OF FIRE FIGHTING AND FIRE SAFETY

1) Fire Prevention — Covering aspects of fire prevention pertaining to

design and construction of buildings on passive fire protection
measures, also describing the various types of building materials
and their fire rating.

2) Life Safety — Covering life safety provisions in the event of fire and
similar emergencies, also
addressing construction and occupancy features that are necessary to
minimize danger to life from
fire, smoke, fumes or panic.
7
OBJECTS OF FIRE FIGHTING AND FIRE SAFETY

3)Fire Protection — covering the significant

appurtenances and their related components and
guidelines for selecting the correct type of
equipment and installation meant for fire protection
of the building, depending upon the classification
and type of the building.

8
 LIFE SAFETY

 Designing structures to withstand fire conditions.

 Raising Alarm

 Smoke Management

 Adequate means of escape

 Protection of escape routes.

9
 PROBLEMS IN AUDITORIUM AND MULTIPLEX

• 3-D spreading of fire • Limitation of the fire

• Violation of fire safety
norms
• Delayed access to seat of
fire
• Total Evacuation
fighting equipment
• Limitations posed by the
fire fighters
• People’s behavior

10
 FIRE RISK MANAGEMENT

• Unfortunately in Today’s context

Fire Risk Management is an after
thought and hence the success is
partial.

• To have nearly complete success

the process of Fire Risk
Management must begin right
from the conceptual stage.
11
STAGES OF FIRE

1. Incipient

2. Growth

3. Fully Developed

4. Decay

Ref. www.journeytofirefighter.com
12
1. Incipient

This first stage begins when heat, oxygen and a

fuel source combine and have a chemical reaction
resulting in fire. This is also known as “ignition” and is
usually represented by a very small fire which often
(and hopefully) goes out on its own, before the
following stages are reached. Recognizing a fire in
this stage provides your best chance at suppression or
escape.
13
2. Growth

The growth stage is where the structures fire

load and oxygen are used as fuel for the fire. There
are numerous factors affecting the growth stage
including where the fire started, what
combustibles are near it, ceiling height and the
potential for “thermal layering”. It is during this
shortest of the 4 stages when a deadly “flashover”
can occur; potentially trapping, injuring or killing
firefighters.
14
3. Fully developed

When the growth stage has reached

its max and all combustible materials
have been ignited, a fire is considered
fully developed. This is the hottest
phase of a fire and the most dangerous
for anybody trapped within.

15
4. Decay

Usually the longest stage of a fire, the decay stage is

characterized a significant decrease in oxygen or fuel,
putting an end to the fire. Two common dangers during
this stage are first – the existence of non-flaming
combustibles, which can potentially start a new fire if
not fully extinguished. Second, there is the danger of a
backdraft when oxygen is reintroduced to a volatile,
confined space.

16
Four ways to put out a fire

1. Cool the burning material

2. Exclude oxygen

3. Remove the fuel

4. Break the chemical reaction

17
ACCIDENT PREVENTION

• Safety Audits
• Routine Safety Inspection
• Safe Working Practices
• Performance Assessment
• Interaction
• Education and Training
• Following Safety Standards.

18
ABSOLUTE SAFETY FROM FIRE IS NOT ATTAINABLE IN PRACTICE

• The objective of this part is to specify measures that will provide that degree of
safety from fire which can be reasonably achieved.

• The Code endeavoursto avoid requirements that might involve unreasonable

hardships or unnecessary inconvenience or interference with normal use and
occupancy of buildings, insist upon compliance with minimum standards for fire
safety necessary in public interest.

• It is desirable to use such equipments/installation duly certified under the BIS

Certifications Marks Scheme.
19
Exiting for Life Safety

•Number and arrangement of exits

•Exit signs
•Emergency lighting
•Occupants load
•Posting maximum occupant capacity
•Chart of plan of the building
•Emergency doorsways
•Exits according to capacity

20
SMOKE MANAGEMENT

• SELECTION OF MATERIALS
• SMOKE VENTING
• SMOKE BARRIERS
• SMOKE EXTRACTION SYSTEM
• POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTING

21
Smoke Venting

 Where smoke venting facilities are installed for

purposes of exit safety, these shall be adequate to
prevent dangerous accumulation of smoke during
the period of time necessary to evacuate the area
served, using available exit facilities with a margin
of safety to allow for unforeseen contingencies. It is
recommended that smoke exhaust equipment
should have a minimum capacity of 12 air changes
per hour. Where mechanicalventing is employed, it
shall be firesafe.(clause 3.4.12.3)
22
Smoke Venting

 Smoke venting facilities for safe use of exits in windowless buildings,assembly buildings
(including cinema halls) shall be automatic in action with manual controls in
addition.(clause 3.4.12.1)

 Natural draft smoke venting shall utilize roof vents or vents in walls at or near the ceiling
level; such vents shall be normally open, or, if closed, shall be designed for automatic
opening in case of fire, by release of smoke sensitive devices.(clause 3.4.12.2)

 The discharge apertures of all natural draft smoke vents shall be so arranged as to be
readily accessible for opening by fire service personnel.(clause 3.4.12.4)

23
FIRE PROTECTION (Components)

• Extinguishers • Manual Fire Alarm System

• Small ball hose rills • Automatic fire alarm
• Dry riser system
• Wet riser • Underground storage tank
• Down comer • Terrace tank
• Yard hydrant system • Ground level pumps
• Automatic sprinkler • Terrace level pumps
system
24
VARIOUS STANDARD DIMENSIONS IN AUDITORIUM

• Assembly buildings like 2.0 m

auditorium, theatres and
cinemas

• Maximum Travel Distance in Auditorium 30.0 m

for type D 1&2

• Maximum Travel Distance in Auditorium 30.0 m

for type D3&D4. (Table 22, NBC 7 ,2005)

25
Automatic Sprinkler System

 Automatic Sprinkler System — A

system of water pipes fitted with
sprinkler heads at suitable intervals and
heights and designed to actuate
automatically, control and extinguish a
fire by the discharge of water.

 Automatic Fire sprinkle system should

be installed in basements like car
parking or for storage if it is occupying
area is more than 200 sq. mt.

26
 Emergency and Escape Lighting
Escape lighting shall be capable of:

 Indicating clearly and unambiguously the escape routes

 Providing adequate illumination along such routes to

allow safe movement of persons towards and through the
exits

 Ensuring that fire alarm call points and fire fighting

equipment provided along the escape routes can be
readily located 27
Criteria for Number of Exits

 Number of occupant per unit exit

width in Auditorium should be 40 for
stairways exits , 50 for ramp exits , 60
for door type exits.(clause 4.4.2 , Table
21)

 Width of the internal staircase should

be minimum 2m.(clause 4.9.6)

28
Arrangement of Exits

• Exits shall be so located that the travel distance on the floor shall not exceed the
distance 30 m. (Table 22 ,clause 4.5.1)

• The travel distance to an exit from the dead end of a corridor shall not exceed half the
distance 30 m, except in assembly and institutional occupancies in which case it
shall not exceed 6 m.(Table 22 ,clause 4.5.2)

 Every place of assembly of sub-division D-2, shall have at least two separate exits
as remote from each other as practicable and if of capacity over 600 at least three
exits shall be provided with each exit not less than of 2 000 mm width.

29
 Standard Criteria for Doorway Exits

• No exit doorway shall be less than 1 000 mm in width except assembly

buildings where door width shall be not less than 2 000 mm. Doorways shall
be not less than 2 000 mm in height.(clause 4.7.2)

• Exit doorways shall open outwards, that is, away from the room, but shall not
obstruct the travel along any exit. No door, when opened, shall reduce the
required width of stairway or landing to less than 900 mm; overhead or sliding
doors.(clause 4.7.3)

30
 Standard Criteria for Ramps

 Ramps shall comply with all the applicable requirements for stairways
regarding enclosure, capacity and limiting dimensions except where specified
in 6.1 to 6.9 for special uses and occupancies.(clause 4.14.1)

 The slope of a ramp shall not exceed 1 in 10.In certain cases steeper slopes
may be permitted but in no case greater than 1 in 8.(clause 4.14.2)

 For all slopes exceeding 1 in 10 and wherever the use is such as to involve
danger of slipping, the ramp shall be surfaced with approved non-slipping
material.(clause 4.14.3)
31
 Standard Criteria for Corridors and Pessageways

• Exit corridors and passageways shall be of width not less than the aggregate
required width of exit doorways leading from them in the direction of travel to the
exterior.(clause 4.8.1)

• Where stairways discharge through corridors and passageways, the height of

corridors and passageways shall be not less than 2.4 m.(clause 4.8.2)

• All means of exit including staircases lifts lobbies and corridors shall be adequately
ventilated.(clause 4.8.3)
32
Note for Travel distance

1. For fully sprinklered building the travel

distance may be increased by 50 percent
of the values specified.

2. Ramps shall be protected with automatic

sprinkler system and shall be counted as
one of the means of escape.

3. Construction of type D 3 or D 4 is not

permitted.

33
TO CONCLUDE -- Why NBC shall be a dynamic Document ?

fire is investigated by different fraternities like

 Fire Authorities
• Police Authorities
• Loss Prevention Authorities
• Insurance Authorities etc..

 And each one of them look at the fire from different angles.
Every fire leaves a signature behind, leaves a trail, leaves a tell tale evidence of what
happened.
 The authorities shall strive to update the respective documents from the experience
obtained from the fire behaviour in each occurrence.
Let me explain certain instances in the next slide ………….. 34
Uphaar Cinema fire Incident

Date 13 June 1997

Location Green park, Delhi,
India
Cause due to suffocation,
stampede
Deaths 59
Non-fatal injuries 103

35
 Uphaar Cinema fire Incident

 On 13th June , 1997 Upahar

Cinema , Green Park in Delhi
had got a horrible fire incident .
It was powered by two massive
transformers. Transformers had
become the reason of this
incident. Ref. www.ndtv.com

36
 On that day in the morning repairing of
transformers was done. But due to unsatisfactorily
working and improper inspection connection
between wires of transformers could not occur
properly. After that at 6:55 pm due to sparkling
between wires at connection occurred and
incipient stage of fire took place.

 At the site of incipient oil leakage was there and it

just changed the stage of fire from incipient to
growth and growth to fully developed.
Transformers were set at the parking and that oil
leakage started penetrating fire to parking area
and from parking area due to chimney effect fire
entered the hall. Ref. www.indiatoday.intoday.in
37
 People just knew the fact and started
running but the exits were bolted
which was the main reason of loss of
people’s lives. All the balcony were
under influence of fire and due to
suffocation total 59 people lost their
life unfortunately.

 Though 48 tendors were there to

control the fire, it took more than one
hour to control. Injured people were
shifted to AIIMS immediately.
Ref. www.thehindu.com

38
 Total 59 people lost their
life and 103 people had
got non-fetal injury.
Small mischiefs can
create this much big loss
of life.

Ref. www.thehindu.com

 We can understand that how much fire safety is important in auditorium and in
other buildings.
39
 THANK YOU
&
STAY SAFE FROM
FIRE

40