Reinforced Concrete Structures

References
1. Reinforced Concrete, Design Theory and Examples, T.J. MacGinley and B.S. Choo
2. Reinforced Concrete Design, Bill Mosely, John Bungey & Ray Hulse.
3. Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures. Mashhor Ghoneim & Mahmoud El Mihilmy
Concrete is arguably the most important building material, playing a part
in all building structures. Its virtue is its versatility, i.e. its ability to be
moulded to take up the shapes required for the various structural forms.
It is also very durable and fie resistant when specification and
construction procedures are correct
Advantages
Structural Elements
 DESIGN STANDARDS

• Limit State Theory

• BS8110:1985: Structural Use of Concrete
– Part 1: Code of Practice for Design and
Construction
 CONCRETE MATERIALS
• Cement- lime, silica, alumina and iron oxide
• Aggregates
1. coarse aggregate—gravel or crushed rock 5 mm
or larger in size
2. fine aggregate—sand less than 5 mm in size
 CONCRETE PROPERTIES
• Compressive strength
The compressive strength is the most
important property of concrete. The
characteristic strength that is the
concrete grade is measured by the 28
day cube strength. Standard cubes of
150 or 100 mm for aggregate not
exceeding 25 mm in size are crushed to
determine the strength.
 CONCRETE PROPERTIES
• Tensile Strength
– The tensile strength of concrete
is about a tenth(10%) of the
compressive strength. It is
determined by loading a
concrete cylinder across a
diameter as shown in Figure.
The test procedure is given in
BS1881.
 Test on Wet Concrete
• Workability
• The workability of a concrete mix gives a measure of the ease with
which fresh concrete can be placed and compacted. The concrete
should flow readily into the form and go around and cover the
reinforcement, the mix should retain its consistency and the
aggregates should not segregate. A mix with high workability is
needed where sections are thin and/or reinforcement is
complicated and congested. The main factor affecting workability is
the water content of the mix. Admixtures will increase workability
but may reduce strength. The size of aggregate, its grading and
shape, the ratio of coarse to fine aggregate and the aggregate-to-
cement ratio also affect workability to some degree.
 Measurement of workability
• Slump test
– The fresh concrete is tamped
into a standard cone which is
lifted off after filling and the
slump is measured. The slump is
25–50 mm for low workability,
50–100 mm for medium
workability and 100–175 mm for
high workability. Normal
reinforced concrete requires
fresh concrete of medium
workability. The slump test is the
usual workability test specified.
 Reinforcement
• Reinforcing bars are produced in two grades: hot rolled mild steel bars
have a yield strength fy of 250 N/mm2;
• Hot rolled or cold worked high yield steel bars have a yield strength fy of
460 N/mm2.
• Steel fabric is made from cold drawn steel wires welded to form a mesh;
it has a yield strength fy of 460 N/mm2.
 LIMIT STATES DESIGN
• The purpose of the design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that a
structure will not become un fit for its intended use
• The criterion for a safe design is that the structure should not become
unfit for use, i.e. that it should not reach a limit state during its design life.
This is achieved, in particular, by designing the structure to ensure that it
does not reach:-
1. The ultimate limit state—the whole structure or its elements
should not collapse, overturn or buckle when subjected to the
design loads
2. serviceability limit states—the structure should not become unfit
for use due to excessive deflection, cracking or vibration
 CHARACTERISTIC AND DESIGN LOADS

• The characteristic or service loads are the

actual loads that the structure is designed to
carry. These are normally thought of as the
maximum loads which will not be exceeded
during the life of the structure. In statistical
terms the characteristic loads have a 95%
probability of not being exceeded.
• The characteristic loads used in design
Design load = characteristic load × partial safety factor for loads
= Fkγf

is the self-weight of the structure

and the weight
of finishes, ceilings, services and
The characteristic dead load ,Gk partitions;
people, furniture, equipment etc.
The characteristic imposed load, Qk on floors and snow on roofs
depends on the location, shape
The wind load ,Wk and dimensions of the buildings.

The partial safety factor γf takes account of

1. Possible increases in load
2. Inaccurate assessment of the effects of loads
3. unforeseen stress distributions in members
4.The importance of the limit state being considered
MATERIALS—PROPERTIES AND DESIGN STRENGTHS

Concrete, fcu is the 28 day cube strength,N/mm2

30
35
40
45
50

Design Strength= Characteristic Strength = fk

Partial factor of safety for materials γm
 Section Design for Moment
• Type of Beam Section
 Section Design for Moment
• Minimum and Maximum areas of reinforcement in beams
 SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAMS

• Assumptions and stress-strain diagrams

1. The strains in the concrete and reinforcement are derived
assuming that plane sections remain plane.
2. The stresses in the concrete in compression are derived using
either:
a. Concrete Stress-Strain Curve, γm= 1.5
b. Simplified Stress Block, the depth of stress block is 0.9 of the depth of
the neutral axis
 SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAMS
a. Concrete Stress-Strain Curve

Ultimate stress
Allowable Stress

Yield Stress

Elastic at Low Loads

Plastic at collapse
 SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAMS
b. Simplified Stress Block
-The depth of the stress block is 0.9 of the depth of the to the neutral axis
 SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAMS
• Assumptions and stress-strain diagrams
3. The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored
4. The stresses in the reinforcement are derived from the stress-strain
curve. γm= 1.15
5. Where the section is designed to resist flexure only, the lever arm
should not be assumed to be greater than 0.95 of the effective depth
Moment of resistance—simplified stress block
 Moment of resistance—simplified stress block

𝑀
For grade 30 concrete and high yield Effective depth , 𝑑 = 𝐾𝑏
reinforcement where ,fy=460 N/mm2, the
design constants are Steel Area, As = 𝑝𝑏𝑑
K=0.156x30=4.68 100
p=23.1x30/460=1.51
• Example
A simply supported rectangular beam of 8 m span carries
a uniformly distributed dead load which includes an
allowance for self-weight of 7 kN/m and an imposed load
of 5 kN/m. The breadth of the beam is 250 mm. Find the
depth,d and steel area,As when the depth to the neutral
axis is one-half the effective depth. Use grade 30 concrete
and high yield steel reinforcement, fy=460N/mm2
Find d and As
The design load is calculated using the values of partial factors
of safety given inBS8110: Part 1, Table 2.1
Design load=(1.4 x 7)+(1.6 x 5) =17.8 kN/m
ultimate moment=(17.8 x 82)/8 =142.4 kNm
Find
𝑀
Effective depth , 𝑑 = 𝐾𝑏

Steel Area, As = 𝑝𝑏𝑑

100

Given
For grade 30 concrete and high yield reinforcement where ,fy=460 N/mm2, the design
constants are:
K=0.156x30=4.68
p=23.1x30/460=1.51

𝑝𝑏𝑑
𝑀 𝐴𝑠 =
𝑑= 100
𝐾𝑏

142𝑋106 1.51(250𝑚𝑚)(348.5𝑚𝑚)
= =
4.68(250) 100

= 1315.6 mm2
= 348.5𝑚𝑚
 Section Design for Moment
• Minimum and Maximum areas of reinforcement in beams
• The beam section
From BS8110: Part 1, Table 3.4, the cover on the links is 25 mm for mild exposure.
Referring to Table 3.5 of the code, this cover also gives a fire resistance of 1.5 h. If the
link diameter is 10 mm the overall depth of the beam on rounding the effective depth
up to 350 mm and placing the bars in vertical pairs is
h=350+12.5+10+25=397.5 mm
Types of failure and beam section classification
Under-reinforced beam—analytical solution
Under-reinforced beam—analytical solution
 Section Design for Moment
• Minimum and Maximum areas of reinforcement in beams
Under-reinforced beam—Design Chart

Refer to chart
 Under-reinforced beam—Design Chart

3.56

1.05
Under-reinforced beam—Design Chart

0.838
0.119
 DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
• If the concrete alone cannot resist the applied moment in
compression, reinforcement can be provided in the
compression zone. The design formulae for a doubly reinforced
beam are derived using the simplified stress block. These are
based on:-

• 1. a depth x=d/2 to the neutral axis and a depth 0.9x of the stress block.
• 2. a stress of 0.45fcu in the concrete in compression.
• 3. a stress of 0.87fy in the reinforcement in tension and compression
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
 DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

The moment of resistance of the concrete was

If this is less than the applied moment M, the compression

steel resists a moment. The force in the compression steel
is then:-

The area of compression steel is,

 DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

For internal equilibrium,

The area of tension steel is,

 DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
A rectangular beam is simply supported over a span of 6 m and carries a dead load
including self-weight of 12.7 kN/m and an imposed load of 6.0 kN/m. The beam is
200 mm wide by 300 mm effective depth and the inset of the compression steel is
40 mm. Design the steel for mid-span of the beam for grade 30 concrete and
grade 460 reinforcement.

Dead Load= 12.7 kN/m, b=200, d=300, d’=40, x=d/2=150

Live load= 6 kN/m

design load=(12.7×1.4)+(6×1.6)=27.4 kN/m

ultimate moment, Mu=27.4×62/8=123.3 kN m

MRC=0.156×30×200×3002/106=84.24 kN m, MRC < MU

 DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
Tension
Compression
 DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

For the compression steel two 16mm diameter bars give As′=402 mm2. For the
tension steel two 25 mm diameter plus two 16 mm diameter bars give As= 1383
mm2. The beam section and reinforcement steel are shown in Fig. 4.18.
 DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS- Design Chart
A rectangular beam section 200 mm wide by 300 mm effective depth is
subjected to an ultimate moment of 123.3 kN m. The inset of the
compression steel is 40 mm. The materials are grade 30 concrete and grade
460 reinforcement. Use the design chart to determine the steel areas
required in tension and compression for x=0.5d.

Mu= 123.3 kNm,

b= 200,
d= 300,
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS- Design Chart
 DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS- Design Chart

100As/bd=
100As′/bd=
Tension steel As=
Compression steel As'=
 DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS- Design Chart

0.625
7.3 6.85

6.7

2.14
Interpolation
 DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS- Design Chart

100As/bd= 2.14
100As′/bd=0.625
Tension steel As=1284mm2
Compression steel As'=375mm2
 Exercise 1. Singly Reinforced Rectangular beam-
Checking Existing Section

• Calculate the moment of resistance of the singly reinforced beam section

shown in Fig.(a). The materials are grade 30 concrete and grade 460
reinforcement. The stress distribution and internal forces are shown in Fig.
(b). Solved the problem by considering the equilibrium of the internal
forces.
 Exercise 2. Doubly Reinforced Rectangular beam-
Checking Existing Section

• Calculate the moment of resistance of the doubly reinforced beam section

shown in Fig.(a). The materials are grade 30 concrete and grade 460
reinforcement. The stress distribution and internal forces are shown in Fig.
(b). Solved the problem by considering the equilibrium of the internal
forces.