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Understanding 2
Operating Systems
System Devices
Understanding 3
Operating Systems
Dedicated Devices
• Assigned to only one job at a time and serve that job for
entire time it’s active.
– E.g., tape drives, printers, and plotters, demand this
kind of allocation scheme, because it would be
awkward to share.
Understanding 4
Operating Systems
Shared Devices
Understanding 5
Operating Systems
Virtual Devices
Understanding 7
Operating Systems
Magnetic Tapes
Understanding 9
Operating Systems
Pros & Cons of Blocking
Understanding 10
Operating Systems
Transfer Rates & Speeds
Understanding 11
Operating Systems
Magnetic Tape Access Times Vary Widely
Understanding 12
Operating Systems
Direct Access Storage Devices (Random
Access Storage Devices)
• Direct access storage devices (DASDs)-- any devices that
can directly read or write to a specific place on a disk.
Understanding 13
Operating Systems
Fixed-Head Drums
Understanding 14
Operating Systems
Fixed Head Disks
Understanding 15
Operating Systems
Pros & Cons of Fixed Head Disks
• High cost.
Understanding 16
Operating Systems
Movable-Head Drums and Disks
• One read/write head that floats over the surface of the disk.
Understanding 17
Operating Systems
Cylinders
Understanding 19
Operating Systems
Concentric Tracks vs. Spiraling Tracks
Understanding 20
Operating Systems
Measures of Performance
for Optical Disc Drives
• Sustained data-transfer rate -- speed at which massive
amounts of data can be read from disc.
– Measured in bytes per second (such as Mbps).
– Crucial for applications requiring sequential access.
• Average access time -- average time required to move
head to a specific place on disc.
– Expressed in milliseconds (ms).
• Cache size -- hardware cache acts as a buffer by
transferring blocks of data from the disc
– Anticipates user may want to reread some recently retrieved info.
– Act as read-ahead buffer, looking for next block of info on disc.
Understanding 21
Operating Systems
CD-ROM Technology
Understanding 22
Operating Systems
CD-Recordable Technology (CD-R)
Understanding 23
Operating Systems
CD-Rewritable Technology (CD-RW)
Understanding 24
Operating Systems
Digital Video Disc (DVD) Techonolgy
Understanding 27
Operating Systems
Example of Access Time For
Fixed-Head Devices
• How long will it take to access a record?
Understanding 28
Operating Systems
Access Time For Movable-Head Devices
Understanding 29
Operating Systems
Components of the I/O Subsystem
Disk 1
Control Unit 1
Channel 1 Disk 2
Control Unit 2 Disk 3
Tape 1
CPU
Tape 2
Channel 2 Tape 4
Control Unit 4
Disk 4
Disk 5
Understanding 30
Operating Systems
I/O Subsystem : I/O Channel
31
I/O Subsystem : I/O Control Unit
Understanding 32
Operating Systems
Device Manager Must
Understanding 33
Operating Systems
Communication Among Devices
Understanding 34
Operating Systems
Hardware Flag Used To Communicate When A
Device Has Completed An Operation
Understanding 36
Operating Systems
Interrupts
Understanding 37
Operating Systems
Direct Memory Access (DMA)
Understanding 38
Operating Systems
Buffers
Understanding 40
Operating Systems
I/O Traffic Controller
Understanding 41
Operating Systems
Traffic Controller Maintains Database For
Each Unit In I/O Subsystem
Understanding 42
Operating Systems
I/O Scheduler
Understanding 43
Operating Systems
I/O Scheduler - 2
Understanding 44
Operating Systems
I/O Device Handler
Understanding 45
Operating Systems
First Come First Served (FCFS) Device
Scheduling Algorithm
• Simplest device-scheduling algorithm:
Understanding 46
Operating Systems
Shortest Seek Time First (SSTF) Device
Scheduling Algorithm
• Uses same underlying philosophy as shortest job next
where shortest jobs are processed first & longer jobs wait.
• Request with track closest to one being served (that is, one
with shortest distance to travel) is next to be satisfied.
Understanding 47
Operating Systems
SCAN Device Scheduling Algorithm
Understanding 48
Operating Systems
LOOK (Elevator Algorithm) : A Variation
of SCAN
• Arm doesn’t necessarily go all the way to either edge
unless there are requests there.
Understanding 49
Operating Systems
Other Variations of SCAN
Understanding 51
Operating Systems
Search Strategies: Rotational Ordering
Understanding 52
Operating Systems
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
(RAID)
• RAID is a set of physical disk drives that is viewed as a
single logical unit by OS.
Understanding 53
Operating Systems
RAID -2
Understanding 54
Operating Systems
Six standard levels of RAID fall into 4 categories. Each
offers a unique combination of advantages.
Understanding 55
Operating Systems
Terminology
Understanding 57
Operating Systems