 Explain and distinguish between the concepts of

temperature, internal energy and thermal energy

(heat).
 Describe and explain the process of phase changes
in terms of molecular behavior.
 Explain in terms of molecular behavior why
temperature does not change during a phase
change.
 Define specific latent heat.
 Solve problems involving specific latent heats.
 Define specific heat capacity.
 Solve problems involving specific heat capacities.
 Which is hotter, the bath
water or the burning match?
 Which needed more energy
to heat it?
Internal Energy (Thermal Energy) (U):
Is the sum total of the potential energy and kinetric
energy of the particles making up the matter.
Temperature (T):
Is a scalar quantity that gives an indication of the degree
of hotness or coldness of a body.

Heat :
Is the thermal energy that is absorbed, given up or
transferred from one object to another
Thermal Equilibrium
 What happens when bodies with differents
temperatures are placed in contact?

When 2 bodies are placed in contact

Heat will flow from the warmer body to the colder
body until the two objects reach the same
temperature.
They will then be in Thermal Equilibrium
Internal energy and atomic movement
What happens to a solid if is being heated steadily by a Bunsen burner?

The graph shows

how its
temperature
changes.
 Phases of Matter
Solid Liquids Gas

 atoms arranged in a
rigid structure.  Atoms can
 Atoms vibrate on their vibrate and  Atoms relatively
inter-atomic bonds.. rotate. far apart.
 Atoms are still  Atoms have high
close together. speed of Kinetic
 Take the shape Energy.
of container.
1- Describe what happens between the points A and B.

2- Describe what happens between the points B and C.

3- Describe what happens between the points C and D.

4- Describe what happens at the point D.

Would you get the same graph for a 2 kilogram
sample, heated at the same rate?
Specific Latent Heat
 Latent heat is energy is needed to break
bonds when a substance melts or boils.
 Latent heat associated with a phase change.
 Specific latent heat (L) is the energy needed
to change the state of I kg of the substance
without changing the temperature.
Latent Heat
Q= m L heat needed to state change

m: mass of substance has been changed (kg)

L: latent heat ( J kg).

Note:
Lf: latent heat of fusion (change from solid to liquid)
Lv: latent heat of vaporization (change from liquid to gas)
Measuring Latent Specific Heat
 If water is heated to boil by a heater
 If ice is heated to melt by a heater so

Q= P × t = m L

P : power (Watt).
t: time ( sec).
Specific Heat Capacity
For a substance being heated, the rise in temperature depends
on the:
1. the mass of the substance being heated.
2. how much energy has put it.
3. type of the substance.

U = Q = mc T

m : mass ( kg )
c : specific heat ( Jkg-1 K-1, J kg-1 C-1 )
T : change in temperature ( C, K).
U : change in internal energy (J).
Q : heat energy (J).
Measuring Specific Heat Capacity

 If a substance is heated by a heater to rise

the temperature the object, so:

U = Q = p × t = mc T
Energy losses in measuring specific heat
capacity.
 Why the practical value of specific heat capacity is
different from the theoretical value?

 How to reduce the heat losses?

 Comparing specific heat capacities
1- Compare between the specific
heat capacities for Iron and
Aluminium.

2- What does it mean?

3- Why specific heat capacity of Iron

is less than specific heat capacity of
Aluminium?
Molar Heat Capacity
Molar heat capacity is the energy needed to raise the
temperature of one mole of the metal by 1 K.

•The molar heat capacities of different metals are similar.

Why?
Questions
Solve problems 5,6,7,8 and 9.