ENGINES AND MOTORS

By :

M. Ilham Ramadhan
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 A. Types and function of Engines and Motors
 The term engines usually refers to petrol engines, diesel engine and jet
engines (or jets) / in engineering, motor usually means electrical motor – but
in general language, ‘motor’ can also refer to petrol and diesel engine.

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  Engines and motor power (or drive) machines by engineering rotary motion
– for example, to drive wheel. In jet engines, compression and turbines
rotate to generate thrust.

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  As engine produces a couple – rotary force – the moving parts of the
machine which it is driving will produces resistance, due to friction and other
forces. As a result, torque (twisting force) is exerted on the output shaft of
the engine.

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  Torque – calcuated as a turning moment, in newton metres – is therefore a
measure how much rotational force an engine can exert. The rate at which
an engine can work to exert torque is the power of engine, measured in
watts.

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  Although engineer normally calculate engine power in watts, the power of
vehicle engine is often given in brake horsepower (bhp). This is the power of
engine’s outputsharft measure is horsepower (hp) – a historic
measurement of power. ( see appendinx III on pages 100)

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 B. Internal Combustion Engine
 Petrol and diesel engines are internal combustion engines. This means
there are driven by the combustion (burning) of fuel in enclosed, sealed
spaced caled combustion chambers

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  In petrol and diesel engines, the combustion chambers are cylinders
sorrounded by cylinder block and closed at the top by cylinder head. Each
cylinder contains a piston.
 The number of piston cylinder in an engine varies – engines in small
motorcycles have only one, while sport cas engine may have twelve.

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  Fuel is supplied to each cylinder from a tank. In most engines, the flow of
fluel is generated by a pump, which force it – at high presure – throught fuel
injector. These vaporize the fuel, allowing it to mix with air.

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  Using this mixture (of fuel and air), most engine function as four-stroke
engine. This means they work on a cycle of four stage – or four stroke. A
stroke is an upward or downward movement of a piston.

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 PROCESS FOUR-STROKE

4. Exhaust
3. Power or ignition The exhaust valve
1. Induction or The spark plug opens, and the
intake produce a spark, piston moves
2. Compression
The intake valve which ignites (lights) upwards, forcing the
The intake valve
opens. The mixture the mixture. On exhaust gases –
closes. The piston
enters the cylinder ignition the mixture tose produces during
move upwards,
through a port explodedes, combustion – out
compressing the
(opening) in the generating a sudden ofthe cylinder via the
mixture.
cylinder head while pressure which exhaust port. The
the piston moves forces the piston exhaust valve then
downwards. down closes and the cycle
begins again.

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 DIESEL WORLD ????
 DO YOU KNOW DIESEL MACHINE?

 WHAT IS THE FUEL OF THIS?

 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENT WITH PETROL MACHINE?
 MENTION THE ADVANTAGES EACH MACHINE?
 WHICH ARE MORE ADVANTAGES?

 LET’S US INVESTIGATE

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 PETROL VS DIESEL

USE BENZENE AS FUEL

USE SOLAR AS FUEL
NEED SPARK PLUG TO
DONOT NEED SPARK
PODUCE EXPLODE
PLUG

VS
DESIGN MACHINE IS
STURDY MACHINE
SIMPLE THAN DIESEL

FUEL ARE EXPENSIVE CHEAPER FUEL

RESPONSE BURNING
NEED ADDITIONAL FUEL
QUICKLY
NOT NEED ADDITIONAL
NEED ADDITIONAL OIL
FUEL

CHEAPER MACHINE EASY MAINTENANCE

SILENT THAN DIESEL PRODUCE NOISE

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 Complete the text about diesel engines using words from A and B
opposite
 Diesel engines differ from 1) PETROL engines in one key respect: they are not fitted
with 2) SPARK PLUG In each cylinder, to ignite the fuel. This is because when
a 3) MIXTURE of diesel and air is compressed inside a hot 4) CYLINDER,
it will explode spontaneously, without the need for a spark to provide 5) AN IGNITION
 A diesel engine must therefore work in away which prevents the diesel from
exploding before the piston is at the top of cylinder. To achieve this, the engine takes
in only air during the 6) INTAKE Stage of the cycle. Therefore, during
the 7) OVER DEAD POINT Stage, only air – and not an air – fuel mixture – is
pressurised. Its only at that last instant, when full compression has occured, that the
8) FUEL INJECTOR Above each cylinder forces vaporised diesel into the
combustion chamber, where it ignites.
 Diesel engines operate at lower speeds and petrol engine, making them less
suitable for high-speed applications. However, they are more able to 9)RUN/OPHeavy
ERATE
vehicles, as they produce greater amounts of 10) POWER Than petrol engines

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 Spark plug

Exhaust
valve

Intake valve

Combustion chamber

piston

crankshaft

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